This research probed deeply in the short story The Shroud written by Munshi Premechand and focused especially on the discourse analysis from the Marxist perspective. For the textual qualitative analysis of The Shroud the Marxist theories of Dobie and Bressler were utilized. Findings of the study clearly revealed that, by scrutinizing into the area where it overlapped with the condition of utter despair, it strived to investigate the socio-economic conditions in which the characters of the story were caught up, suppressed and oppressed. It further examined the relationship of socio-political condition with economic power. Hence, it elaborated how the characters were mentally disturbed psychologically and mentally even they seemed deprived of self respect if it would come to have money. It further explored that the story is of every social setup; how the proletariat ‘have nots’ are brutally exploited by the bourgeoisie ‘haves’.

Keywords: Marxism, Suppression, Oppression, Proletariat, Bourgeoisie.

Depression is a common and potentially damaging public health issue among young adults globally. Previous studies have suggested a possible association between rejection sensitivity and symptoms of depression. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between rejection sensitivity and depression among female university students. It was a cross-sectional study and data was collected through convenience sampling technique. A total of 200 university students with age range between 18-26 years (M=22.62, SD=2.68) filled the study questionnaires through online google form. The Rejection Sensitivity scale and Beck Depression Inventory were used for assessment. Descriptive statistics, bivariate correlation and simple linear regression were used to analyze the data. Depression and rejection sensitivity had significant inverse correlation with age indicating it to be higher in younger age (p<.01). Rejection Sensitivity was found to be a significant predictor of depression among university students. This study implicates that rejection sensitivity can serve as a major factor in depression among young female students in Pakistan. This research could help to create awareness about successfully dealing with rejection sensitivity and hence, controlling the damage it could have on mental health of young students.

Keywords: Rejection Sensitivity, Depression, University Students, Females, Mental Health.

Young people have been following the trend and actively participating in social activities from the inception of the online platform. People nowadays are more innovative and creative than they have ever been. The goal of this study is to determine the trustworthiness/credibility of online media among Islamia University, Bahawalpur students. Population of the study comprises of students from Islamia University Bahawalpur. Survey method methodology was utilized to acquire responses from 300 respondents, 150 male and female students from Islamia University, Bahawalpur, for the objective of this study. The researchers asked the interviewees a variety of questions in order to determine the reliability of their perceptions about e-learning. Students believe that internet media is trustworthy for e-learning, according to the findings of the study. Despite the fact that students do not utilize internet media for self-education and choose amusement over media usefulness, it has a substantial impact on students' knowledge and information transfer.

Keywords: E-Learning, Online Media, Credibility, University Students.

This paper aims to discover the reasons of less willingness towards entrepreneurship as a profession, and favorably adopting employments by the business students of Pakistani universities, despite high endorsements of Islamic teachings and business practices. This study is a qualitative research in nature, based upon a literature background of entrepreneurship, business education, and the role of universities and government. Two separate questionnaires with open-ended questions were designed for students and teachers of business schools operating in Islamabad. Data was collected from the respondents on convenient sampling basis. A sample of 100 students and 10 teachers from five universities in Islamabad was chosen for the purpose. The results showed that risk of business failure, government’s less interest, political and economic instabilities, unavailability of funds, and unpopularity of entrepreneurial careers are the major reasons which refrain the business students to adopt entrepreneurship as a career. Government, universities and students, are the stakeholders of entrepreneurial festivity, and can collectively bring an optimistic variation for enhancing entrepreneurial behaviors.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Economic Development, Entrepreneurial Intentions, Government Policies, Islamic Teachings, Quran, Hadith, University, Risk, Finance.

The present study focuses on metaphorical expressions in the selected poems of the translated work of a Sufi poet Bullhey Shah. This research attempts to analyze metaphors that create problems for the translators in translating cultural sense in the English translation of Punjabi Sufi poetry. Poems have been translated by C.F Usborne and R.k Lajwanti. The poststructuralist approach provides the theoretical background for the present study. This approach states that meaning is relative in its nature and it varies from culture to culture. Metaphorical expressions are culturally specific in nature and pose a challenge for the translators in the transmission of meaning from one language to another language and lead to the issue of untranslatability. Findings of the research show that to overcome the issue of untranslatability, the translators use various strategies and ways during the process of translation and the transmission of the relative meaning from Punjabi Sufi poetry of Bullhey Shah to its English translation.

Keywords: Translation, Metaphorical Expressions, Role of Translator, Untranslatability, Poststructuralist Approach, Translation Strategies.

Precedent is a decision of the Superior Courts of the country wherein the said Courts interpret the laws, its proper application and settle principles for the subordinate Courts. In Pakistan; Supreme Court is the top court of the country at federal level, while the each province has its own provincial High Courts. The Federal Shariat Court interpreted principles of Shariah specifically in relation to cases of child sexual abause. The child abuse had been a deadly emerging issue in Pakistan and in last decade or so this issue had rapidly increased, affecting the children at a great length. The conviction rate in the cases of child abuse had been very low due to numerous reasons and defects, starting from registration of case till the decision of the court. The Superior Courts under the law hear the appeals, revisions, and also writ petitions regarding the child sexual abuse cases. Thereafter, these Courts pronounced their decisions and in these decisions; the courts settle principles, guidelines, and parameters for the trail courts, so that the accused person must be dealt strictly in accordance with law.

Keywords: Corroboration, Veracity, Prosecution, Petition, Sodomy.

In Asian nations including Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, air contamination is a significant and extreme natural issue. In these nations extremely poor air quality saw by a lion's share populace which causes plenty of medical problems like respiratory ailments, creating malignant growth, genuine infection, and trouble. So, the individuals like these who are now influenced or more delicate need to play it safe as per condition before venturing out to some point. The proposed scheme is divided into four stages: gathering information from sensors, measure information utilizing Arduino IDE, and send to the ESP8266 WIFI module, WIFI module sends this information to Firebase Cloud ID, an android application to takes all the information from firebase and give the client an interface to get to this information about environment condition with easy accessibility. The proposed framework manages to observe and controlling significant environmental conditions. Furthermore, presents the execution and result of this environment checking framework which utilizes the sensors for climate, stickiness, and environmental boundaries of the encompassing region. Collected information is sent to the cloud storage and a mobile application gets to the cloud and showcases the results to the end clients. That information can be utilized to perform far off activities to manage the state. This framework can be stuck out to an instrument, a home assistance framework via automatic setting off certain activities and manage different appliances depending on the screened values of temperature, humidity, and different parameters by the support of the cell phone application.

Keywords: IOT’s, Sensors, Arduino Controller, Wi-Fi Module, Firebase Cloud.

This study suggests a new method for cricket team selection using Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). An Analytical Network Process (ANP) formulation is used to evaluate cricket players in many skills using multiple outputs. This evaluation determines efficient and inefficient cricket players and ranks them based on criteria and sub-criteria. A real dataset of Pakistan players of the Pakistan Cricket Team (PCB) (October 2019), having various capabilities is used to choose the best Player. ANP model is used to rank players in a one-day international cricket match. The selection is based on different parameters which are Batting, Bowling, All-Rounders, and Wicket Keeping. The consistency ratio is checked, whether the comparison is consistent or not as per Thomas L Saaty defined criteria. In all four criteria result shown that alternative ranking was stable for selecting the optimal players using four different criteria. The proposed ANP method is used for selecting the best squad of a national cricket team, clubs, PSL, etc.

Keywords: Cricket, Multi-Criteria Decision Making, Analytical Network Process, Ranking.

The purpose of this paper is to look at the stylistic devices used in the selected verses from Diwane-e-Ghalib and their translations at various stylistic levels. The study answers the question of how a translator translates the stylistic traits and devices contained in the ST into the TT, as well as what tactics he uses to deliver the message during the translation process. Using Alabi's (2007) stylistic model, the current article examines various stylistic devices at the levels of lexico-syntax, phonology, morphology, and graphology. The selected poems of Diwan-e-Ghalib and their translations by K.T. Mahmood are taken for analysis. The expressions in the ST that include specific stylistic devices are retrieved and assessed at these four levels of stylistic analysis. The method of analysis also employs Lefevere's (1975) "Seven Strategies of Translation" to assess the translation strategies used by the translator. The findings show that "interpretation" as a translation strategy is utilized most frequently to transmit all potential messages. The theoretical and methodological underpinnings of this research pave the way for future researchers to focus on other aspects of the text that have yet to be explored, such as the translation of culture-bound terminology, mystic components, and other textual peculiarities in Ghalib's poetry.

Keywords: Stylistic Devices, Source Text (ST), Target Text (TT), Stylistic Traits, Translation Strategies.

This study examines the challenges faced by Pakistani students in IELTS training and introspection into the pedagogical methods used for IELTS preparation. The reason for this study is that Pakistani students rarely attain the necessary score, especially in the listening section, to be considered proficient English language speakers. The goals are to determine the learning challenges, causes, and linguistic factors that hamper their listening proficiency when it comes to instructional activities for IELTS listening preparation. Observation of lectures, interviews with IELTS instructors, and questionnaire surveys from IELTS preparatory institutes were used to obtain data. The data received from questionnaire survey were analysed through percentage method using Ms excel, observations through Communicative Orientation Langauge Teaching (COLT). The research reveals significant challenges that learners face as a result of linguistic and non-linguistic factors that prevent them from listening effectively in English. This research would assist in the development of IELTS listening strategies and the advancement of overall English language listening skills.

Keywords: English Language Listening Proficiency, ESL Listening Difficulties, Listening Instructional Practices, Linguistic and Non-linguistic Factors.

The study aims to build an understanding regarding the effect of perceived justice, employee’s empowerment and resistance to change over the turnover intentions among employees of the Pakistan International Airlines Corporation. For the collection of primary data, structured questionnaire were distributed to the sample size 391 of the total population 17000 of the airline spread over multiple cities of Pakistan. Data was then analyzed using reliability and multiple regression analysis. Findings of the study revealed that employee’s empowerment and perceived justice have a significant positive relationship with turnover intentions of employees, while resistance to change or organizational change initiative showed negative or no correlation with the employee’s turnover intentions. At the end of the study, future implications and limitations are also provided, which can help in reduction of turnover intentions among employees of various institutions in the long run.

Keywords: Perceived Organizational Justice, Employees Empowerment, Resistance to Change and Turnover Intentions.

Based on the social exchange theory, the current study has two objectives. First, the impact of workplace hazing on knowledge hiding behavior was examined. Second, the interactive effect of workplace hazing and Islamic Work Ethics on knowledge hiding behavior was explored. Primary data was obtained from employees working in different service sector organizations. Purposive sampling technique along with time-lagged approach was adopted. Data of 439 respondents were deemed fit and was utilized for analysis. The obtained result confirmed the direct relation between workplace hazing and knowledge hiding behavior. Further, the moderating effect of IWE was also confirmed. Implications for the managers and future avenues have been discussed.

Keywords: Workplace Hazing, Knowledge Hiding Behavior, IWE.

Polygamy was never the formation of Islam. It was in existence before Islam was introduced. Quran presented laws regarding polygamy. After the advent of Islam, those men who wanted to embrace Islam were ordered to divorce additional wives and keep only four. Islam has emphasized on treatment of all wives. The Quran has put limitation on Muslim men to keep four wives in marriage at the same time and the number should not exceed. Polygamy is permissible only if the husband can do justice among all his wives. Equal treatment includes housing, clothing, food and kind conduct. If he is not able to maintain justice, then he should not keep more than one wife. Through this study, the researcher wants to provide awareness to legal authorities, general public and specifically women, who are somehow affected by this law of polygamy.

Keywords: Polygamy, Islam, Prophet (P.BU.H), Quranic Verses, Equal Treatment.

Covid -19 pandemic attracts the attentions of the researchers worldwide to explore the impact of Covid-19 on different sphere of human’s lives. Similarly, the trend of self presentation on new media was also affected by covid-19.It leads people to think in a particular way and it is intended to maintain, manipulate and adjust an image of oneself. Purpose of this study was to examine the relation between new media and self-presentation during covid-19 pandemic. Quantitative research methodology was used and with the help of survey 100 respondents were selected, from social sciences departments of Bahaddudin Zakariya University as a sample of the study through conveniencesampling technique. Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis was applied to analyze the correlations between variables. The results indicated that there was a significant relation found between self-presentation and new media during covid -19 pandemic. Majority of the students shifts towards online self presentation during covid-19 for attaining desired image of oneself.

Keywords: New Media, Self-presentation, Covid-19, Desired Image.

This current study of research shed light on how proactive behavior acts as a bridge between technology and performance. This study is unique as it uses individual proactive behavior as mediator to strengthen the relationship between Learning Management System and student academic performance. The study is new because most of the universities offer traditional education rather than online and there is limited literature available in KPK, Pakistan. However, individual proactive behavior is an important concept that emphasizes the veneration of TAM's theoretical contribution. The study employs a quantitative, explanatory, and cross-sectional design. Four hypotheses based on TAM and Theory of Reasoned Action were tested (TRA) was formulated. The study population was limited to one university in Nowshera, which recently converted its classical education system to an online education system. A questionnaire was distributed among 917 students recently enrolled in the newly adopted LMS. In which 307 filled questionnaires were received back. In order to determine the direct and in-direct effects of exogenous and intervening variables, the data were modeled using partial least squares (PLS-SEM). The result of this study confirms prior research indicating that LMS has a significant effect on student academic performance. Additionally, it was discovered that individual proactive behavior plays a significant mediating role between LMS and student academic performance. Finally, more work in LMS and technology is recommended, as online education is the most effective tool in retaining students globally.

Keywords: LMS, Individual Proactive Behavior, Academic Performance, SMART PLS, TAM, TRA.

The aim of the present study was to examine the role of anger in the relationship of rumination and forgiveness among University students. A convenient sample comprising 404 students from University of Sargodha was taken. Men and women both were given representation in the sample and their ages ranged from 18 to 25 years (Mean= 20.5, SD= .84). Heartland forgiveness scale (Thompson et al., 2005), rumination scale (McCullough et al. 2007) and State trait anger expression inventory (Spilberger 1999) were used to measure forgiveness, rumination, and anger respectively. Regression analysis revealed that rumination and anger are significant negative predictors of forgiveness. Moreover it was also found that anger significantly mediates in the negative relationship of rumination with forgiveness. Results of current study validated the postulates of the Cognitive neoassociation model. Findings of current study can play an important role in the development of positive traits in university students. Limitations and practical implication of current study are discussed.

Keywords: Rumination, Forgiveness, Anger.

The major purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between prevalence symptom of narcissism personality disorder (NPD) and use of social media among university students. A close ended questionnaire was used to examine the use of social media among the Government College University Faisalabad students included in the sample by using multistage sampling. Total 800 students from different disciplines included in the study. Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) was used to assess the prevalence of NPD symptoms among the participants. Narcissistic personality disorder does the strong level influence whose students use social media for self-projection and political uses. In fact, they have high level of self-esteem and to security self-control display serious narcissism personality disorder. Those students use social media for academic purpose, recreational and religious purposes they have low level impact of narcissism personality disorder.

Keywords: Narcissism Personality Disorder, NPI, Narcissistic Personality Inventory.

The main purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of job and personal resources with work engagement of teachers. Participants were 935 (female = 460 & male = 475) secondary school teachers of Punjab Province. Data were collected through survey method by using three instruments: job resources, personal resources and work engagement. Inferential statistics and Structural Equation Modeling were used to find the results. Results indicated that job resources and personal resources have positive and significant relationship with work engagement. Personal resources partially mediate the path between job resources and work engagement. School management might increase job resources as a tool to boost teacher’ self-evaluation traits and work engagement. Findings are discussed and future researches have also been suggested in this study.

Keywords: Job Resources, Personal Resources, Work Engagement, Secondary School Teachers.

With growing needs of competitive markets, businesses are evolving and so are their supply chains and related strategies. A growing body of research has highlighted that organizations who are effective in managing their supply chains are able to realize an improved efficiency as well as performance. This paper has made an attempt to quantitatively analyze antecedents of supply chain effectiveness. The proposed supply chain model has been supported through theoretical foundations of Social Exchange Theory and further asserts that factor like trust, communication and technology advancement are used in the study to explore their effects on supplier manufacturer partnership and on supply chain effectiveness. By employing convenience sampling to gather data from 190 respondents from all management levels of manufacturing firms from all departments, this study finds out that partnerships are built when the suppliers and manufacturer are willing to communicate complete information and trust each other. The paper further highlights an indication that firms are required to work on their supplier-manufacturer partnerships. When these partnerships are built with mutual understandings and productivity of both parties are focused, they effect on the effectiveness of the supply chains. This paper further proposes future research avenues to be examined in the current domain of research.

Keywords: Trust, Communication, Technology Advancement, Supplier-Manufacturer Partnership, Supply-Chain Effectiveness, Social Exchange Theory.

Polygamy has always been a topic of hot debate among religious scholars, law makers and general public. It is well understood that polygamy has been allowed by Islam and the number of wives a man can keep at the same time is four which cannot exceed. Laws regarding polygamy are present in Quran as well as in the law books of Pakistan. But the issue which has never been discussed nor given importance is the negative impact of polygamy on polygamous wives who are neglected and abandoned. Laws regarding maintenance have been legislated and are implemented too, but the question which arise is that is it only maintenance which a woman needs. The impact of polygamy has never been discussed among the scholars and legislators. Polygamy is allowed and it can’t be criticized as it is the command of Allah. But why men in our society forgets to fulfil the conditions which are attached to polygamy. The object of this research is to provide awareness to legal authorities to legislate laws which can provide protection to such women and safeguard their rights.

Keywords: Polygamy, Islam, Pakistan, Polygamous Marriages, Negative Effects.

The rationale of this research is to examine Frost’s poem “Desert Places” on linguistic and stylistic basis. Previous studies concerning this poem have focused on theme and some literary features of this poem. However, little attention is paid to its stylistic analysis, which is vital for comprehensive explanation and recognition of poet’s intention. This poem “Desert Places” reveals the idea of man’s loneliness and his relation with nature. This article investigates stylistic traits of the poem to indicate how these traits wok collectively to strengthen the main idea. This analysis will help the readers in better comprehension of the poem and stylistic techniques employed by the poet for the elaboration of his deep life philosophy. These stylistic traits include sound qualities, syntactic features and various figurative devices.

Keywords: Linguistics, Stylistics, Syntax, Figurative Features, Poetic Diction.

Learning style is an imperative construct of learning and achievement. These days, it is highly focused by researchers but in Pakistan there is scare research on learning styles. This study is an endeavor to probe the distributions of learning styles in the local scenario. The aim of this investigation was to identify the spread of learning styles of the university students across disciplines. It was further intended to locate meaningful variations of learning styles across different faculties. The population of the investigation was the students of five faculties of Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan. The study was grounded on the Felder-Silverman Model (1998) of learning styles. The scale, Index of Learning Styles was used for data collection purposes. The data were analyzed through percentages, mean, ANOVA and Tukey tests. The outcomes provided the dispersions of learning modes of the sampled students. It was further manifested that the visual mode of learning was highly liked while the intuitive mode was less preferred. Variations were found in the learning styles’ preferences of different faculties. The study advocated the improvement of curriculum and enhancement of instruction on the basis of study findings. Finally, directions for future investigation are also given.

Keywords: Learning Styles, Felder-Silverman Model, Index of Learning Styles.

Cognitive image has led the tourism and hospitality industry to serve its customer with more creative and better ways and arouse their interest in the destinations by exciting their imagination. It is nearly impossible to consider a destination without also acknowledging its people as well as the relationship visitors have with such residents. The study aims to examine mediating effect of tourists’ expectations between cognitive image and visit intentions of the visitors in the northern areas of Pakistan. A quantitative approach was employed by taking an adopted questionnaire to collect data from the target respondents. The study used convenient sampling technique as the unknown population size. A total of 220 questionnaires were distributed among the respondents wherein only 180 were returned. The gathered data was coded, labeled and run through SPSS V25 using Preacher and Hayes (2013) mediation model 4. The results found that tourists’ expectations plays partial mediation role between cognitive image and visit intentions. Implications for theory and practice along with limitations and future research opportunities are discussed at the end of the study.

Keywords: Cognitive Image, Tourist Expectations, Visit Intentions.

The purpose of the study was to examine the career aspirations and choices of public and private schools grade 8 students. Qualitative research method was employed for this study. A sample of 30 students was taken from district Sheikhupura: 15 from public and 15 from private schools. In-depth semi structured interviews were carried out for data collection. Interview questions investigated the career choices and aspirations, perceived hurdles, and factors influencing them. Data were analyzed using modified data analysis technique developed by Creswell. Becoming a doctor, joining army, and becoming a cricketer were the most commonly reported career choices for both public and private school students. Most of the public school students aspired to join conventional careers. They were more interested to do public sector jobs. Private school students showed higher level of interest to join non-conventional areas. They also showed interest to run their own business. Parents’ occupation, family influence, and role of electronic, print and social media were identified as some of the influential factors mentioned by the students. The study suggests that the students should be provided with proper guidance and counseling about their career aspirations and choices so that they may make more suitable decisions and prepare themselves better for their desired careers.

Keywords: Career Choice, Career Aspiration, Elementary School, Social Media, Pakistan.

The purpose of this study is to explore the short and long term dynamics between trade deficit and its determinants such as real effective exchange rate, urbanization, inflation, trade openness and government spending in case of Sri Lanka for the period 1985 to 2018. The short run and long run analysis of the econometric model of the study is performed by ARDL bound testing approach. The findings of the study demonstrate the existence of long run relationship between trade deficit and its determinants. The results also revealed that appreciation of real effective exchange rate significantly increase the trade deficit in the long run. However the trade openness and government spending significantly reduced the trade deficit. The study prescribed that issue of trade deficit can be overcome if real effective exchange rate fluctuations, unorganized urban sprawl and government spending could be properly monitored and managed. Fiscal policies should be devised in a manner which could facilitate self-sufficiency and increase in exports, hence reduction in trade deficit. This paper contributes the literature by exploring the major determinants of trade deficit in emerging economy of Sri Lanka. It also focuses the impact of urbanization and real effective exchange rate on trade deficit. The policy implications are discussed to overcome trade deficit.

Keywords: ARDL, Government spending, Inflation, Real Effective Exchange Rate, Sri Lanka, Trade Openness, Urbanization.

It is a cross-sectional quantitative research design, within which a survey was used as a method. This paper investigates the interaction and relationship between lawyer and client during the proceeding of the court cases gender-wise. The paper further identifies the issues of importance of communication competence and satisfaction level between lawyer and client in Pakistan and suggests measures for the improvement that shall help to better the performance of lawyers for the timely execution of cases with fuller satisfaction of their clients. For this particular reason, a total of 400 clients were sampled from 14 different law firms in Lahore through the snowball sampling technique. The data was collected through a self-constructed questionnaire about communication competence and level of satisfaction. The finding revealed the difference between female and male attorneys regarding the level of communication and satisfaction. Moreover, the age and experience of the lawyer have no impact on these two levels. Suggestions have been given to improve the relationship between lawyer-client to make the legal system strong and fruitful.

Keywords: Lawyer, Client, Interaction, Level of Satisfaction, Communication, Competence, Court Proceeding.

This study aims to examine the current Instructional Leadership practices of secondary school heads in relation to developing an effective school culture and increase student engagement at school in Pakistan. The target population of the present study was comprised of all the teachers of public secondary schools of Punjab, Pakistan. Multistage sampling techniques were used to select the sample. The sample size was consisted of 1016 secondary school teachers. Researcher used close ended questionnaire for data collection. Data were analysed through the descriptive statistics as well as inferential statistics. The findings of present study demonstrate that instructional leadership practices among heads are present, at a medium level. This study has shown that the level of school culture then the level of student engagement would increase considerably if instructional leadership practices are increased to a high level.

Keywords: Instructional Leadership, School Culture, Student Engagement.

The Communist Party of Pakistan (CPP) was working for the implementation of a socialist system on the pattern of USSR by following the philosophy of Marxism-Leninism under the directives from the Soviet Union. However, the disintegration of the Soviet Union in December 19991 proved to be a shock which disillusioned many Leftists and progressives in Pakistan and everywhere else. This research paper investigates the impact of disintegration of the Soviet Union on the Left politics in Pakistan, especially on the Communist Party of Pakistan. Secondary data for this paper is collected from the books, research articles, newspapers and journals, etc. while primary data is collected through in-depth interviews with key informants, Left political activists and academicians. The findings indicate that the disintegration of the Soviet Union negatively impacted the Communist Party of Pakistan. The already weak CPP suffered its own disintegration and its top leadership momentarily went into a disarray. Nowadays, CPP is functional in three factions and each faction is functional only at and around its headquarters. Antonio Gramsci‟s theory „Hegemony‟ is used to interpret the data and draw theoretical inferences. Gramsci‟s theory posits that ideas favouring the interests of the dominant class are accepted as the norm by the subaltern through a process of hegemony. This study recommends that merger of the CPP‟s all factions, bringing young cadres to key positions within the party, and launching a national media that speak for common people can help promote the Left political ideas in Pakistan.

Keywords: Left Politics, Pakistan, Communist Party of Pakistan, Soviet Union.

This study explored the classroom management challenges that novice teachers experienced in their first three years. More specifically, this study explored the students’ behavioral challenges and teachers’ selfcreated challenges, which they created because of their negative attitudes and behaviors during classroom management. A mixed-methods sequential explanatory research design was used. A questionnaire was administered to 500 novice teachers. In the second phase, qualitative data were collected through semistructured interviews from 20 novice teachers selected using a purposive sampling technique. The results of both quantitative and qualitative data indicated that novice teachers faced aggression, physical fights, bullying, stealing, and indifference of students in classrooms. As a result, the time of class was wasted, the tempo of teaching and learning was ruined, and both teachers and students were frustrated by the difficult behaviors of some students. The novice teacher managed these behaviors by giving moral lessons, giving extra-attention, involving them in learning, and shuffling students to manage their behaviors. The study results also revealed that teachers themselves created the challenges of classroom management through anger in class. Thus, it is essential to provide teachers with training to manage the students and their behaviors during classroom management.

Keywords: Classroom Management, Novice Teachers, Behavioral Challenges, Self-Created Challenges.

Rosenthal et al. (1984) introduced the term of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) as a subtype of major depression which manifests itself in winter season. Its more famous form is winter depression. Past researchers focused on major depression in most of the researches conducted in Pakistan. However, the present study is an initiative to investigate the impact of major depression on SAD and winter depression in adults. Secondly, the study also examined gender differences in depression, SAD and winter depression among adults. Moreover, best and worse conditions in Pakistan due to seasonal changes were also investigated. Personal Inventory for Depression and SAD Scale and depression subscale of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale were major tools of research for measuring SAD, winter depression and depression respectively. Survey method and cross-sectional design is used for data collection from 1000 adults. The study was conducted in Chitral. Linear regression analysis showed that depression positively predicted SAD and winter depression. Independent sample t-test identified gender differences and showed that women exhibited more depression, SAD and winter depression as compared to men. The study confirmed that symptoms of major depression lead towards winter depressions and SAD. Women suffer from MDD, SAD and winter depression more than men counterparts. The study also provided the scientific evidence of seasonality in terms of best and worst conditions among Pakistani adults.

Keywords: Major Depression, Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), Winter Depression, Adults.

This study explored reflective teaching practices used by teacher educators in a teacher training program at a public university in Lahore. This study used a multiple case study research design. For data collection, semi-structured interviews were conducted with four teacher educators. Different themes were drawn using within-case analysis. It has been concluded that teachers were not fully aware of wide-ranging reflective practices. However, they were practicing reflective teaching to some extent. Many of the reflective teaching practices were not formally and appropriately accomplished. Reflective practices are effective for the teachers as they help them evaluate their performance and make the teaching-learning process more stimulating. The findings of the studies revealed that not all of the teachers are mindfully engaging in reflective practices; the rest of the teachers lack a nuanced understanding of the concept. Therefore, it is high time for the policymakers to do the needful.

Keywords: Reflective Practice, Teacher Educators, Teacher Training Programs, Qualitative Research, Interviewing.

The purpose of the study is to determine the role of digital marketing strategies in promoting consumerism in the IT and communication sectors while considering a case study of Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited. A survey was conducted from 250 different customers and users of digital media. After gathering data, Smart PLS software has been used to analyse the results. The measurement and structural model through factor loading, AVE (average variance extracted), CR (composite reliability), Cronbach’s alpha, discriminant validity (Fornell-Larcher Criterion) and Collinearity Assessment are conducted. The hypotheses are tested through bootstrapping methods in PLS-SEM. The t-values of all path coefficients are higher than 1.96 (p < 0.005), which implies that relationships between digital marketing strategies, digital marketing channels and consumerism are significant at 97.5 percent confidence level. As per the partial mediation of digital marketing channels with consumerism and digital marketing strategies, it is found that the hypotheses have been accepted. Based on the findings, it can be stated that there is a significant impact of digital marketing channels and strategies on consumerism (purchase of services of PTCL). Similarly, the results confirm that digital marketing channels significantly influence digital marketing strategies. 

Keywords: Digital Marketing Channels, Digital Marketing Strategies, Consumerism, PTCL, IT and communication sector, Digital Marketing.

The success of a Project is dependent on the effectiveness of the project team. Project team effectiveness (TE) is influenced by knowledge sharing (KS) and employee autonomy (EA). Likewise, team effectiveness is fundamental to the achievement of the venture as it will guarantee that the project team is shielded from both inside and outside. The focus of this study was to examine the role of Knowledge Sharing on team effectiveness with the mediating role of employee autonomy. The context was project-based organizations in Pakistan. A convenience sampling technique was used. To collect the requisite information, questionnaires were used to collect data from 190 employees working on various projects. The collected data was analyzed through various statistical techniques. Results of the study indicate that Knowledge Sharing is positively linked with team effectiveness while employee autonomy mediates the relationship between Knowledge Sharing and team effectiveness. Recommendations and future research direction are mentioned at the last.

Keywords: Knowledge Sharing, Employee Autonomy, Team Effectiveness.

The purpose of this research study was to discover the social and emotional experiences of those children who are working at different places in Karachi at every early stage of their lives. The phenomenological research design was adopted to solve this quey because this is the design that helps in getting the true picture of the experiences of people. The steps proposed by De Chesnay were used to analyze the colled qualitative data. The study reveals that children spend a miserable life, want escape but no way for them, feeling frustrated and helpless in presence of their employer or senior. The school environment or the attitude of the teachers is also one of the reasons which are keeping the children away from education.

Keywords: Societal & Emotional Experiences of Children; Employed to Earn & Early Stage of Lives.

This study endeavors to analyze the influence of urbanization on agriculture output in Pakistan by using annual time-series data from the period 1976 to 2019. To estimate the results ADF unit root test, ARDL method, and granger causality analyses are conducted. ARDL analysis showed that urbanization negatively influences the agriculture output in Pakistan. The other variables show that agriculture land area, credit to the agriculture sector, the employed labor force in the agriculture sector, and domestic investment in the agriculture sector positively influence the agriculture output in Pakistan. Granger causality analysis specifies a unidirectional causality between urbanization and agriculture output. It is suggested that policymakers should make strategies that impede agricultural land conversation. Provision of agriculture credit, high-quality seeds, and fertilizers should also be ensured to boost the productivity of agriculture in Pakistan.

Keywords: Agriculture, Urbanization, Pakistan.

The study examines the Musharraf regime's democratization process and opposition political parties' challenges to the government from 1999 to 2008. The government has implemented numerous new reforms for the country and political parties. Some were well-received both inside and outside the country, while others were highly criticized. To keep parliament in control, Musharraf established the National Security Council (NSC). To achieve goals that were contrary to democratic norms and principles, the government used coercion. The purpose of this study is to explore how political forces, particularly opposition political parties, performed their roles and challenged the Musharraf government from 1999 to 2008. This paper used descriptive-analytical methodology to describe the historical events and then examine them with reasoning. This study also concludes that Pakistani political parties rejected Musharraf and his allies in the 2008 general elections by establishing a civil democratic political framework in the country.

Keywords: Politics, Parties, Process, Regime, Pakistan.

Cloud computing is a type of computing in which various cloud consumers demand verity of services as their dynamically changing needs. It is very difficult for cloud provider to avail all the demanding services. But due to the availability of finite resources it is very difficult for cloud provider’s perspective cloud resources must be allocated in a fair manner. So it is a vital issue to meet cloud consumers to provide quality of service requirements and satisfaction. This paper mainly addresses the key performance issues, challenges and techniques for resource discovery in cloud computing. It also focuses on the key issues related to these existing resource discovery techniques.

Keywords: Resource Discovery, Service Level Agreement, Virtualization, Cloud Computing.

Performance, reuse, and high change costs are all issues that traditional approaches have dealt with successfully. Due to advancements in technology, projects are getting more complex and dynamic, offering new problems for development organisations in terms of adapting agile approaches to meet their requirements. Development; Quality Assurance; Testing; Planning, Risk Assessment, Designing, and Modeling. As a result, there are challenges at every stage of the SDLC. Agile was originally intended for short projects. Its usefulness prompted enterprises to organizations large scale software development. Managing large-scale agile projects can also be challenging. Software metrics analyze the overall health of the development process. Despite its benefits, practitioners do not employ SDLC measurements, which adversely effects on the quality of product. The findings of proposed agile framework illustrate new hybrid, customized agile methodologies that resolve the generated challenges about quality of the product. Metrics are used in the majority of the recommended framework's effective practices. The framework's effectiveness is demonstrated by an industrial-scale project and a published case study. The extent of the work that can be done with these frameworks and methodologies is much broader. Testing frameworks that produce better results than Test-Driven Development (TDD) do as well. The findings lend validity to the framework that has been proposed. Any firm can benefit from the proposed framework, which can help them save time, effort, and money while still producing a high-quality product.

Keywords: Time and Cost, Hybrid Agile Framework, Quality Product, Risk Assessment, Metrics.

The goal of this study is to uncover characteristics that influence the efficacy of Pakistan's software development sector, particularly in Peshawar, Pakistan such as job stress, risk management, outsourcing, maintenance costs, and effort estimation. The software sector in Peshawar has apparently overlooked the significance of these variables. Cronbach's Alpha reliability (α) analysis was used to assess the consistency of the variables. The impact of these variables was investigated using regression analysis. The findings show that these parameters have a generally positive and significant association and effect on effective software development. The study adds to our understanding of software development because there has been relatively little research done in Pakistan to identify factors that have a substantial impact on software development effectiveness.

Keywords: Job Stress, Risk Management, Out-Sourcing, Effort Estimation.