One of the basic differences between Classical and Keynesian economists were on the is the wages and price adjustment following changes in economy. This issue is practically important for the effectiveness of monetary policy. This is pioneer study on this topic. The study finds the price flexibility and price setting behavior using the larger data sets of aggregate and disaggregate consumer price index (CPI) from 1991-07 to 2020-06 by duration, frequency, size of price change and panel logit random effect model. CPI in Pakistan shows some degree of price flexibility but not fully flexible. Regulated products are less flexible as compared to unregulated products. Furthermore, prices confirmed the Keynesians models that prices are downward rigid and upward flexible. Pakistan’s firms are using the combination of state and time dependent pricing policy.

Keywords: Price Flexibility, Consumer Price Index, Pricing Policies, Random Effect Logit Model.

The prime purpose of the study is to evaluate the administrative role of head teachers and related personnel in the secondary schools of Quetta, Baluchistan. Undoubtedly, education plays a vital key role in the progress and fortune of the country; however, the non-serious behaviour of teachers has become an unanswered question in Pakistan. The educational institutions in Quetta lack fine establishments and achievements due to the non-serious association of teachers. The values, norms, traditions and culture of the Quetta have adversely affected the effectiveness of educational reforms. The study is much relevant to discuss the broad background of the challenges faced by educational institutions and head teachers. The study also involves the solutions to the problems with understanding the natural world and creating some measures to tackle the issues. A survey was carried out, which highlighted the difficulties in the administration of head teachers and staff. Some were transportation problems, personal problems, environmental problems, lack of school welfare, Laissez-faire leadership style, no check and balance on attendance in Quetta, Baluchistan etc. The findings also indicate that this high number of administrative problems dramatically affects the performance of the students.

Keywords: Head Teachers, Administrative Challenges, Academic Performance, Human Resource, Physical Resources, Financial Resources, Decision Making.

Human capital (employability skills, social and psychological capital) is one of the most vital resources for improving university teachers' teaching performance and contributing to the growth of universities. Using a quantitative research method, the current study intended to investigate the gender differences of university teachers' human capital. Six universities were chosen randomly through multistage sampling. The study's sample included 309 university teachers. For data collection, the researcher used three adapted questionnaires. The findings revealed that female and male university teachers had the same degree of acquired and required employability skills. Based on the findings, male and female university teachers' social capital was determined to be similar in all dimensions (social structure, professional structure, cognitive dimension, and relational dimension). Besides, the findings revealed that female and male university teachers had equivalent level of psychological capital in all aspects (Self-efficacy, Hope, Resilience, and Optimism). Female and male university teachers' teaching performance (personal attributes, Teaching learning process, responsibility and punctuality, and job security and environmental factors) were determined to be identical. A similar study might be undertaken in different provinces with different professions to see if the findings are generalizable. Similar study may be carried out with different variables to observe the gender wise differences among university teachers.

Keywords: Employability skills, Psychological Capital, Social Capital, Teaching Performance.

The role of socio emotional problems, relationship satisfaction and coping strategies was explored among women with infertility residing in Lahore. This cross sectional research was carried out from April to December 2020 at four public and private hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. Sample of 150 women (70= women with primary infertility, 80= women with secondary infertility) aged 25-37 years (M= 30.93, SD=3.84) was selected through purposive sampling strategy. Data was collected using the emotional and social distress scale, relationship satisfaction scale and coping strategy scale. Analysis was done by using SPSS 21.Of the 150 patients, 70 (47%) were women with primary infertility and 80 (53%) were women with secondary infertility. The overall mean age of the sample was 30.93+/-3.84 years. Active and passive avoidance coping was found to be a significant positive predictor of socio emotional problems, distress and feeling of insecurity in women with primary and secondary infertility (p<0.05). Women with secondary infertility utilized more passive avoidance coping strategy as compared to women with primary infertility (p<0.05). However, non significant differences were found on socio emotional problems and relationship satisfaction. Avoidant and passive ways of coping were found to be significant factors in causing social and emotional problems, distress and feeling of insecurity in women with infertility. This study implicates that active coping strategies may safeguard against the psychological problems faced by women with infertility.

Keywords: Infertility, Socio Emotional Problems, Avoidant, Passive Coping, Psychological Problems.

This paper excavates the US Asia-Pacific policy considering the realist theories. It contends and validates that transition in international politics is bringing change in power distribution among states. Hence, bringing tangible shift in the US foreign policy. The US is now more focused in containing Chinese influence in the Asia-Pacific for which the US is seeking cooperation of regional states. This paper examines the strategic shift in the US policy and her new strategy of forming alliances with regional states; its increasing military presence in the region and improving relations with the regional powers in the changing security, economic and diplomatic regional scenario. To counter the US restraining strategy, China employed the policy of ‘economic diplomacy’ for which it has started number of economic corridors under ‘One Belt One Road.’

Keywords: Realist Theories, Rebalancing Policy, Asia-Pacific, Containment.

Digital Literacy is a dynamic skill for the teachers to achieve teaching goals and to transfer the newest information to the learners of digital era. This paper aimed to assess the digital literacy skills and study habits of the trainee teachers who participated in three days’ workshop at Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) centers. All the students enrolled in the B.Ed (1.5) years program at the district Chiniot, comprised the population and sample of the study. The sample consisted of 200 trainee teachers. Digital literacy and study habits of trainee teachers were measured by an adapted research tool. The data were analyzed using mean, SD scores, and correlation. The outcomes discovered that trainee teachers had a high level of perceptions about the impact of digital literacy on their study habits whereas trainee teachers had low levels of digital literacy skills. Moreover, a positive relationship (r= .513) was noted between digital literacy and study habits. The study recommends that government, as well as teachers’ training institutions, should start digital literacy training sessions for trainee teachers at AIOU centers to enhance their skills in digital literacy.

Keywords: Digital Literacy, Study Habits, Trainee Teachers, Distance Learning.

Breast cancer is malignant cancer that happens due to the abnormal growth of cells. Breast cancer often happens in women, but in very few cases it happens in males. This paper is designed to identify the issues and challenges faced by women with breast cancer. The main aim of the research is to explore the issues and challenges faced by women with breast cancer and to evaluate the changes in their physical, social, economic, psychological, and sexual life due to which their life is affected. The study is qualitative in nature and research design is phenomenological. In-depth interviews with women from Multan were conducted. The paper evidently accentuated the effect of cancer on women’s life course and their experiences and this paper also discovered several motivations to overcome with these issues.

Keywords: Breast Cancer, Socio-economic Challenges, Psychological Issues, Women’s Health.

The study aimed to examine Muslim Religiosity, Religious orientations and stress of COVID-19 among college students in district Bahawalpur. About 200 students from different departments of science and arts, enrolled in BS program at Govt. S.E College Bahawalpur were randomly chosen as sample of the study. Three scales e.g., Religious Orientation Scale (ROS) developed by (Allport and Ross, 1967), Muslim Religiosity Measurement Scale developed and used by (Nadeem et al., 2016) and a self-developed Covid-19 Stress Scale was used to gather the required information form the respondents. The data was collected by researchers personally by administering the scales to measure Muslim Religiosity, Religious orientation, and Covid- 19 stress to meet the research objectives. The frequency mean score and percentage were worked out for data analysis, which expressed the highest mean score regarding better information about religious aspects and stress of COVID-19 among college students.

Keywords: Religious Coping; Covid-19, Depression, Religious Orientation, College Students.

The present study explores the relationship among attachment styles, emotion regulation and resilience in university students. Purposive sampling was used in order to take a sample of university students (N=300) from public and private sector universities. The Revised Adult Attachment Scale, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and Adult Resilience Measure-Revised were administered on the participants along with demographic sheet. Findings reveal that there is a positive correlation between close attachment style and emotion regulation-reappraisal (r=.53, p<0.01). A significant positive relationship between resilience and emotion regulation-reappraisal (r=.53, p<0.01) was also found. Furthermore, dependent attachment style was found to negatively predict emotional suppression (β=-.13, p>.05), while anxious attachment style was a positive predictor for emotional suppression (β=.23, p>.05). Female students scored higher on emotion regulation-reappraisal as compared to male students. This research will help parents to understand the long-lasting impact of parenting on the personality of children. Moreover, it will help university administrators and counselors to design appropriate policies and management plans to boost resilience of students.

Keywords: Attachment Styles, Emotion Regulation, Resilience, Administrators, Management Plans.

The sociological investigation has reached a rational point where it expresses the challenges of understanding how the changing aspects of globalization have joined the aspects of modernity promoting social change. In the period of globalization and modernization, many studies on culture and social issues have become increasingly focused on the university student. Although cultural changes are considered an important part of integration processes, there is uncertainty about what these changes are, and how they come about. The purpose of this study is to examine how students define and experience culture and cultural changes, and how they construct these changes. They also actively use culture as a tool to negotiate between cultural preservation and integration into a new society. The way culture spreads between groups of people allows new ideas to form and trends to develop. Our culture, heritage, and clothing choices are just some of the aspects that go into making up our identities. This study is a part to identify those changes that are affecting the social identities of the students was conducted among university students.

Keywords: Culture Migration, Identity, Modernity, Individualism, Traditional Values, Capitalist Market.

This study is conducted to investigate the behavior and knowledge about water-saving strategies of residents, gender-wise and age-wise in two main slums of Lahore. It is a cross sectional quantitative research with survey as method to collect data. The structured urban household questionnaire with statements regarding behavior and knowledge about water conservation by Zhang and Brown was used to collect information. This study adopted multistage sampling technique; two slums were selected through simple random technique. A total sample of 200 respondents both male (100) and female (100), 50 male and female each from both localities were selected through convenient sampling technique. The finding showed that although residents acknowledged the significance of water and conservation but a difference was seen in the behavior and knowledge of both male and female, young and old residents to adopt approaches to protect water. It was suggested to design such awareness campaigns that could bring change in the behavior and awareness of people to adopt steps for the curtailment of their water consumption, so people adopt strategies to store and recycle water in water-scarce situations as during the coming days due to global warming and climate change, water situation will deteriorate more.

Keywords: Behavior, Knowledge, Strategies, Water Conservation, Slum, Household, Gender.

PUBG and Fortnite are very popular among youngsters in Pakistan. The research claimed that PUBG and Fortnite have an ability to indulge the players and the excessive addiction to play video games led to aggression and violence among youngsters. In this study, the researchers found out how playing PUBG and Fortnite have a very strong relationship with player’s behavior. The researchers examined the sort of responses and aptitudes that player gains after playing PUBG and Fortnite. The researchers explored the main factors like aggression, violence, anxiety, headache, back pain and weak eyesight caused by the excessive playing of PUBG and Fortnite among youngsters. The research also explored that in lockdown due to coronavirus, players played PUBG and Fortnite more frequently because of more spare time they had. The results of the study showed that playing PUBG and Fortnite creates aggression, abusiveness and violent ideas among youngsters because of the violence within the video game. It is also claimed that excessive playing PUBG and Fortnite causes physical and mental health problems among youngsters.

Keywords: PUBG, Fortnite, Aggression, Violence, Behavior, Youngsters.

The twinkling artifact was first described by Rahmouni et al in 1996 as a focus of changing colors on Doppler studies behind reflective surfaces like calcifications giving turbulent flow. The objective of this study was to ascertain the accuracy of Doppler twinkling artifact in the diagnosis of urinary tract calculi keeping plain Computed Tomography of kidney, ureter, and urinary bladder (CT KUB) as a gold standard, and whether it can replace CT KUB or not. The study design was cross- sectional retrospective study carried out in Radiology Departments, Institute of Kidney Diseases and Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar from April 2019 to April 2020. Both male and female patients below and above 40 years of age were included in the study. Sonography was performed on Aplio 300 Color Doppler ultrasound machine. Patient was then referred to Radiology Department, Hayatabad Medical Complex for CT KUB. Data was entered in SPSS version 20. Study included 90 cases presenting with flank pain and dysuria. There were 32(35.6%) females and 58(64.4%) males and males to female ratio was 2.21: 1. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler twinkling artifact was estimated to be 58.14%, 95.74%, 92.59%, 71.43% and 77.78% respectively. Our study concluded that Doppler twinkling artifact is a reliable sign for diagnosis of urinary tract calculi, but still its sensitivity is inferior and suboptimal to Plain CT KUB.

Keywords: Diagnostic Accuracy, Doppler Twinkling Artifact, Urolithiasis, Computed Tomography of Kidney, Ureter and Bladder (CT KUB).

The main aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between cross-cultural management and employee motivation in international NGOs working in the area of Khyber Pukhtun Khwa in Pakistan. This research uses a mixed methods approach of both quantitative and qualitative methods, particularly, semistructured interviews and questionnaire survey was used to collect data. Probability sampling was used to derive the sample for quantitative data and a purposive sampling technique was used to derive sample for semi-structured interviews. The quantitative data collected is analyzed via Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) operations and qualitative data was analyzed by content analysis. A post positivistic approach is adopted. This research investigated the impact of cross-cultural management on employee motivation and also the effect of demographic variables on the relationship between cross-cultural management and employee motivation. Mainly the participants’ perception of the impact of culture on employee motivation is positive and constructive. The result from Scatter plot diagram of cross-cultural management and employee motivation shows that all the points are neatly arranged in a narrow cigar shape, which suggests that there is a strong correlation between the two variables. Furthermore, Pearson correlation co-efficient (r) value if 0.513 which shows a strong positive relationship between the two variables. The interpretation of qualitative data also reveals a relationship between the two. This research will provide new insights on cross-cultural management and perceived employee motivation in the context of NGOs. Although the results were favorable, but still more work needs to be done using a broad range of sample before it can be strongly suggested to scholars and practitioners that cross-cultural management has an impact on employee motivation.

Keywords: Cross-Cultural Management, Employees Motivation, International NGOS.

Pakistan is a democratic country and in a democratic and justice society there is no place for any kind of discrimination and violence. Data shows the situation is anti this perception. Pakistan enlisted between low developed countries in context of inequalities and violence. Statistics of 2021 shows cases of violence against women especially domestic violence 200 % increased during covid-19. Education has the capacity to prepare students for challenging such atrocities in the society. Education about violence against women should be included in all disciplines of under graduate level, so as to improve awareness about this topic. A quantitative approach was used to investigate the perception of undergraduate students about existing curriculum contents in terms of providing knowledge of violence against women. Six factors of variable violence against women was taken to collect student’s responses. Survey method was used to collect quantitative data. A self -developed research tool “KWAW” (questionnaire) was used to gather student’s responses. This study aims to collect the perceptions of undergraduate students about existing curricular contents for providing knowledge of violence against women among a sample of 800 sciences and social sciences students. The analysis was descriptive and inferential. Means and standard deviations were used to analyze average and variance while t-test was used to analyze the difference between the male and female perceptions about existing contents. The results shows that, majority of the students are on the view that contents are not providing knowledge in terms of violence against women. On the other hand t- test scores shows that male students are more biased in their opinion regarding provision of knowledge of violence in their curriculum as compared to their female fellows. 

Keywords: Domestic Violence, Femicide, Sexual Violence, Child Marriage, Human Trafficking, Online Digital Violence.

A varicocele is defined as dilated and tortuous veins within the pampiniform plexus of scrotal veins, and they are the most common cause of male infertility.1 The aim of present study is to compare the male fertility in terms of sperm motility and sperm count after laparoscopic versus open varicocelectomy. To compare male fertility such as sperm motility and sperm count after laparoscopic versus open varicocelectomy. Randomized Controlled Trial was study methodology and Department of General Surgery, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar was used from duration of 17 Dec, 2020 to 17 June, 2021. After taking approval of synopsis, a total number of 198 patients (99 in each group) were admitted in the department of general surgery for surgical management of varicocele fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Patients were divided into Group I, and Group II using block randomization. In Group I, mean and SDs for age was 35.38+7.174. Mean and SDs for Sperm Count was 42.85+13.286. Mean and SDs for Sperm Motility was 59.88+14.45. In Group II, mean and SDs for age was 37.31+9.580. Mean and SDs for sperm count was 24.23+10.67. Mean and SDs for sperm motility was 31.18+10.630. Laparoscopic Varicocelectomy not only being minimality invasive procedure was very well tolerated by the patients but also gave superior results in terms of increasing sperm count and sperm motility as compared to Open Varicocelectomy.

Keywords: Varicocele, Laparoscopic Varicocelectomy, Open Varicocelectomy, Semen Count, Semen Motility.

The paradigm shift to the fourth industrial revolution has significantly transformed human society. To survive in this transforming world, Knowledge Sharing (KS) is of paramount prominence as it creates new knowledge. We know more than we can share; hence, higher education institutes can play the leading role in transferring tacit knowledge to society. This study, therefore, investigates the antecedents (spiritual motivation, attitude towards KS, clan culture, and knowledge-based HR practices) of academicians’ behavior towards KS in the emerging business schools of Pakistan. Besides, the mediation of intention towards KS is also investigated. Data was collected by using an adapted questionnaire from ~650 academicians of the top ten business schools of Pakistan. Descriptive statistics were performed in SPSS while and maximum likelihood method in AMOS to analyze hypotheses for inferential statistics. The findings designate that all antecedent variables are the significant predictors of Behavior towards Knowledge Sharing (BKS). Additionally, academicians’ Intention towards Knowledge Sharing (IKS) fully mediates; the relationship of knowledge-based HR practices and Attitude towards Knowledge Sharing (AKS) with BKS. Furthermore, it partially mediates the association of SM and CC with BKS. Various implications are provided at the individual, group, and organizational level) to the business schools’ human resource professionals and respective authorities on how to upkeep academicians’ behavior towards tacit KS. The study limitations and the copious recommendations are also provided to future researchers for the model’s generalization. This study is the first in the South Asian context to investigate the SACK model of knowledge sharing behavior in HEIs.

Keywords: Spiritual Motivation, Clan Culture, Knowledge-based HR Practices, Attitude towards Knowledge Sharing, Intention towards Knowledge Sharing, Behavior towards Knowledge Sharing, HEIs.

Media Devices means receiving data and other services from current, newest, and scientific developments. Media Devices now widely utilized in education to aid and facilitate the teaching and learning process. In teaching and learning of students with visual impairment, media devices shows an important role. It is highly advantageous and appealing to use media devices in classroom for education of both normal and students with special needs. These devices may be modified and adapted to meet the specific needs of each student, allowing them to learn more successfully. In the classroom, media devices such as radio, television, computer, talking books, talking calculators, ATM machines, jaws, and the internet are used. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the difference in utilization of media devices for learners with visual issues in government and non-government special education sectors in Province Punjab Pakistan. The adopted research approach was quantitative and the research nature was descriptive. Cross-sectional survey method was adopted for collecting data. All learners with visual impairment from all government and non-government special education schools of Province Punjab was taken as the population of this research. The research sample was included 227 learners with visual problems. The sample was gathered from 10 institutions of 4 cities of Punjab like Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi and Gujranwala. Simple random sampling technique was used for collection of data which is specific type of probability sampling technique. Questionnaire was consisted on 4 components and 28 items. For getting the responses of students with visual impairment five point Likert scale was used. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to analyze the data through SPSS. Findings of the research showed that utilizing media devices, are very supportive for students with visual impairment in their classroom. Their use assist the students with visual impairment according to their needs. It was also determined that students with visual impairment face so many hurdles in schools about the use of media devices. They have no proper resources, labs and trained teachers. It is also concluded that a significant difference have been found between government and non-government special education schools of Punjab province about utilization of media devices. Furthermore, it is observed that in male and female students with visual impairment no significant difference was found about utilization on media devices. This technology is used by everyone in the same way. It is proposed that learners with visual problems, whether in government or non-government institution, must have access to media devices at a nationwide level. It is suggested that the Pakistani government offer well-managed media rooms in government schools. Teachers should get pre-service and in-service teacher training so that they can effectively understand how to utilize media devices and can assist and support students in classroom.

Keywords: Media Devices, Visually Impaired Learners, Special Education Instructors, Special Education Institutes.

The role of institutions in promoting or inhibiting business is at the core of the entrepreneurship debate. This review paper focuses on the significance of formal and informal institutions in the much broader construct of entrepreneurial capital development. For this purpose, the paper first reviews and illustrates different definitional perspectives of entrepreneurship theories and how institution theory is relevant to entrepreneurship, before elaborating on the main focus of the paper, i.e., entrepreneurial capital.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial Capital, Formal Institutions, Informal Institution, Isomorphism.

The aim of the present study was to develop and authenticate the self-report inventory for evaluating the employee’s reaction in form of resistance to organizational change. The scale is helpful for organizations to recruit the perfect employees and develop beneficial policies for the betterment of the company which would positively affect Pakistan’s economy. The items for scale were generated empirically. Factorial validity of scale was determined on the sample of 200 white collar employees. In Resistance to Change Scale factor analysis resulted in six factors i.e. Cognitive Rigidity, Fear of Failure, Autonomy, Reluctance to Lose Control, Intolerance to Adjustment and Vested Interest; which yielded satisfactory KMO value of .79 at p<.000 and reliability of .91 Cronbach’s alpha. The convergent validity was estimated by correlating with Change Resistance Scale. The resulting correlation of α=.55 was significant, which added to the validity of Resistance to Change Scale. Discriminant validity was assessed by correlating the scores with Perceived Stress Scale, which showed inverse relationship. Hence RCS is reliable and valid measures to assess employees’ resistance to change in indigenous context.

Keywords: Organizational Change, Resistance, Autonomy, Fear of Failure, Cognitive Rigidity, Vested Interest.

This research focused on finding the impact of Corporal punishment on personality development of students at secondary level and also to explore the student’s view of corporal punishment. Correlational study design was used to analyze the variables. For data collection, different Public schools of district Peshawar, khyber pakhtunkhwa (kpk) were approached. The research variables were linked to find out the relationship with a total sample of 200 secondary school students, including equal no of boys and girls, between ages 10 to 16 years (from class 6 to 10). For the purpose of data collection, all the students were given Corporal punishment questionnaire and big five personality questionnaire and data were collected through Random sampling technique. Findings indicated negative correlation between Corporal Punishment and Extraversion -.348** which shows positive correlation between Corporal punishment and introversion traits. Whereas up to .470** positive relation was found between Corporal Punishment and Emotional Instability. Findings also indicated positive relation between corporal punishment and Conscientiousness .073. Thus in conclusion findings of the research showed that corporal punishment has negative effects on development of extroversion abilities. Furthermore, the implications of corporal punishment were found to cause emotional instability and conscientiousness in school children.

Keywords: Corporal Punishment, Emotional Instability, Conscientiousness, Introvert, Extrovert.

The present study was aimed to construct and validate Self-silencing scale for married people of Pakistan. The initial pool of 52 items was generated with the help of semi structured interviews and literature review. After scrutiny, 39 items were carefully chosen for factor analysis. The factorial validity and internal consistency of scale was determined on a purposive sample (age, M= 32.50, SD=15.43) of 531 married people (men = 260, women = 271). Result revealed five factor solutions with 22 items which accounted for 37.55% of the total items variance. The five factors were named as, a) Negative self-appraisal, b) Relationship maintenance, c) Divided self, d) Conflict avoidance and e) Spouse characteristics’ based selfsilencing. The alpha coefficient (α=.80) supported the internal consistency of SS scale. Gender differences in self-silencing provided evidence for the construct validity of the scale. The results regarding internal consistency and construct validity yielded the scale as a promising measure of self- silencing.

Keywords: Self-Silencing, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Psychometric Properties, Validation.

This research aimed to explore the perception of students with hearing impairment about inclusive education at higher education. Inclusion is an important contributor for hearing impaired students to interact and learn. Sometimes hearing impairment causes barriers for the students to get along with the inclusive classroom environment. That’s why it is important to find out about the perception of students with hearing impairment about inclusive education at the level of higher education to make it much better for them. In this quantitative research, the descriptive methodology was used to infer the conclusion. A selfmade questionnaire was developed by the researcher to explore the perception of students with hearing impairment. Population of this research was the hearing impaired students who were enrolled in any inclusive education program at university level. Convenient and purposive sampling was used to select sample from students with hearing impairment of BS and MA Special education and other programs as well for collecting the data and then it was analyzed by using descriptive as well inferential analysis by using SPSS. Response of majority students was positive towards the inclusive setups. This research highlighted a new direction for improving inclusive educational environment so that it can also be helpful for the students with mild to moderate and even full hearing impairment in developing country like Pakistan, by exploring their own perceptions.

Keywords: Higher Education, Hearing Impairment, Inclusive Education.

The aim of this study is to analyse political talk shows employing Politeness theory. The Theory of Politeness by Brown and Levinson (1987) has been utilized in this study. This study has investigated the politeness of the Political discourse employing the Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) and Face Saving Acts (FSAs) along with legal perspective that how these FTAs can be disturb the social balance. Moreover, it has been analysed that how verbal, nonverbal, and Para- verbal expression can damage the hearer’s and speaker’s face. The researcher has found that FTAs and FSAs are not only verbal but also nonverbal and para verbal in the political discourse. The usages of FTAs and FSAs have emerged differently in the data. It has been found that certain offensive words which are FTAs for someone, but the same words are FSAs for another person. Moreover, he or she utilizes FTA to another person at a particular time, it can be FSA to the same person at another time and vice versa. Lastly, the use of negative or positive words can limit the loss of the face of another person. The use of words by human beings can make a distinction between particular social gatherings from tribe to tribe and community to community. The face-threatening acts emerged in the data are “distrust”, “warning”, “threat”, “hatred” and “order” whereas“greeting”, “request”, “acceptance” and “wish are the main face-saving acts. The study is important because it analyses the political shows realistically. This study brings the novelty in bringing the four episodes of Pakistani political talk shows which have not been analysed before with respect to face-threatening and face-saving acts.

Keywords: Theory of Politeness, Tolerance in Speech, Freedom of Speech, Legal Action and Speech Acts.

This study tends to explore the influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on new venture performance (NVP) through the mediation of stakeholders’ trust. While following the chronicles of stakeholder theory and resource based theory, this study used survey approach for collection of data from 378 managers, owners, and owner-mangers of the new ventures in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. We used structural equation modelling technique in AMOS 24 to deduce precise results of the study. After testing data normality and conducting confirmatory factor analysis, the hypotheses of the study were checked with the help of path analysis diagrams. The outcomes of the study revealed that CSR has a significant positive impact on NVP and ST. Further, evidence was documented for stakeholders’ trust as playing positive significant role in the route of CSR and NVP. This study empirically proved that every good brings good in return.

Keywords: CSR, NVP, ST, Stakeholder Theory, Resource Base Theory, Sustainability.

Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) is concerned with achieving the best possible outcomes in complex scenarios involving multiple indicators, conflicting objectives, and criteria. Numerous MCDM types, including the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solutions (TOPSIS), the Best Worst Method (BWM), and the Multi-Objective Optimization Method by Ratio Analysis (MOORA), are available to address a variety of decision-making problems. In a construction project, specifically when selecting a contractor, MCDM techniques are considered one of the best ways to choose the right contractor taking into consideration the financial, technical, administrative, and other aspects which ensure the best implementation of the project. In this paper, four different integrated MCDM models have been proposed for the contractor selection at Al-Quds University. These proposed integrated models are AHP-TOPSIS, AHP-MOORA, BWM-TOPSIS, and BWM-MOORA. The results of the four integrated models were validated and compared to each other.

Keywords: Contractor’s Selection, Multi-Criteria Decision-Making, AHP, BWM, TOPSIS, MOORA.

This Study probes the influence of knowledge management capabilities and their association with employee’s engagement and job performance of employees of health department at Rawalpindi District in Pakistan. Data was collected on 5-point Likert scale through simple random sampling technique from a sample of 160 doctors working in rural, urban and teaching hospitals in the selected region. Results showed a significant positive relationship between knowledge management capabilities, employee engagement and employee’s job performance and partial mediation of employee’s engagement between relationship of knowledge management capabilities and employee’s job performance is exhibited in the study. Valuable capabilities of knowledge management leads toward effective employee engagements that motivate and encourage its employees to better perform at workplace in more efficient way, beside it enables to capture and share right kind of knowledge management practices, at right time & at right place ensuring successful and timely retrieval of useful information when needed. Considerable improvement in organizational knowledge management capabilities is suggested to capitalize knowledge management capabilities of technology, structure and culture along with refresher training programs on employee engagements regarding knowledge acquisition, sharing, conversion and protection at workplace to meet competing demands of higher job performance.

Keywords: Knowledge Management Capabilities, Employee Engagement, Job Performance.

This work uses a random forest algorithm for the classification of differentially expressed genes with aging in humans by using a machine learning tool. GO annotations have been used to train the model. Genes function can be affected by the aging process and it could be identified through the changes in its byproducts or features. We used a random forest algorithm to learn the pattern of the features and to predict the type of change it may cause. Random forest algorithm has high accuracy in classification or prediction and it could be interpreted through feature importance measure. We have large data on genes level i.e. a gene function can be annotated by thousands of features. In this work, we used the random forest feature selection method to select the most important features and compared the accuracy of the model with the reduced features dataset. Results show the accuracy with both pieces of training as well as testing datasets. This study is informative for the biologists who are studying aging especially neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's diseases and Alzheimer's diseases. This work shows the significance of the random forest algorithm with the attribute selection method. we have found several Genes attributes that showed significant associations with brain aging. Overall, our results show an interpretation of the Random forest algorithm and its significance to predicting differentially expressed genes with aging.

Keywords: Machine Learning, Random Forest, GO Terms, Genes Expression, Prediction, Classification.

Agile has solved traditional methodology issues, including rework, high change costs, performance, and reuse. As technology advances, projects are getting more complicated and dynamic, providing new problems for development organizations in adapting agile approaches to their needs. Planning, Risk Assessment, Designing, and Modeling; Development; Quality Assurance and Testing. So every stage of the SDLC has issues. Initially, Agile was designed for small projects. Its utility led organizations to employ it in large-scale software development. Large-scale agile projects are also tricky. Software metrics assess the development process's health. Practitioners do not use SDLC metrics despite their benefits, which is an issue. These findings highlight emerging hybrid, customized agile techniques and identify research gaps in agile software development. A lightweight, integrated agile framework is presented to address the issues raised based on these issues. Most of the suggested framework's effective practices use metrics. An industrial-scale project and a published case study demonstrate the framework's effectiveness. The findings support the proposed framework. Any organization can use the proposed framework to save time, effort, and money while generating a quality product.

Keywords: Agile Framework, Software Quality, Testing, Software Metrics.

Agile is helping organizations around the world in producing high quality software and there is a significant increase in Agile adoption to gain the benefits. Moreover in Agile, changes in the priority list are a continuous process and the ignorance of important requirements during prioritization will leads towards several issues like unsatisfied customers and low quality of product. Therefore, given the importance of this area, this research paper provides a framework to examine the strategies of selecting Requirement Prioritization (RP) techniques in Agile using Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) Analysis Approach. This research provides the guidelines that can help practitioner to select the suitable prioritization technique by considering the S-O (Strengths- Opportunities) and W-T (Weaknesses-Threats) category of SWOT matrix. However, this type of analysis can be used as a useful tool for highlighting and addressing the problem issues in Agile processes, since the results can be used as improvement strategies in the selection of RP technique in Agile Software Development. The framework will be beneficial for software practitioners to make a right decision about the selection of RP techniques in Agile will increase the chances of project success.

Keywords: Agile Software Development, Requirements Prioritization, Requirement Change Management, SWOT Analysis Approach.

The Chahbahar port and Gawadar port have the potential to benefit Iran and Pakistan economically, strategically, and geo-politically. Chahbahar and Gawadar Ports are being taken as competitors in terms of interests particularly after Indian involvement and her „vested interests‟ in developing Chahbahar Port. Indian involvement in the development of Chahbahar port and also linking Chahbahar with Afghanistan by road has created some doubts and alarm for Pakistan. On the other hand, China and Pakistan are developing Gawadar port and China Pakistan Economic corridor. India Iran and Afghanistan have signed a trilateral agreement, which has allowed to India reach Afghanistan through Chahbahar port, and by bypassing Pakistan's land route, the Chabahar route to Afghanistan will allow Indian commodities to reach Kabul. Chahbahar has emerged as a competitor of Gawadar port. Troika of three countries on Chahbahar has given strong challenges to China Pakistan cooperation at Gawadar Port. Furthermore, India is countering Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean, Central Asia, and Africa. Through the initiative of Chahbahar port, India is containing the influence of Pakistan and China in this region. This paper discusses the implications and challenges of Chahbahar port on Pakistan vis a vis Gawadar port and CPEC (China Pakistan Economic Corridor). This paper also identifies policy recommendations to address the issue in Pakistan's best interests.

Keywords: Chahbahar, Gawadar, Port, CPEC, Pakistan.

Pakistan is an important South Asian state which came into being on 14th August, 1947 in the result of partition of British India. At the time of emergence, Pakistan was in dire need a reliable ally who might help her to succeed in different i.e. economy, defense and diplomacy etc. it was the time when the world was basically divided into two major power block i.e. USA and USSR. Hence Pakistan received the invitations from both major power blocs but opted USA which initiated bilateral relations between both of them. In the early stages, Pakistan participated in different military alliances of other regions in the sake to win the applauses of US. In short from 1947 to 1965, Pakistan adopted purely pro-US foreign policy. But Pak-Indian wars of 1956 and 1971, the circumstanced changed this bilateral relationship started to wither. Similarly, the trajectory of Pak-US relations continued to change with the passage of time. In the meantime, both of them come so closer like during soviet invasion in Afghanistan and war on terror in Afghanistan. On the other hand, sometimes the circumstances changed dramatically that Pakistan had to face the bitter sanctions by US on many times. This article is an attempt to disclose the history of the Pak-US bilateral relationships from 1947 to current governments. The article is purely based of secondary data in which the researchers collected data from different articles, books, research reports and the prominent interviews of the historians.

Keywords: Pakistan, United States, Soviet Union, sanctions, Donald Trump, Imran Khan.

Co-education has become one of the primary instrument of education in every country and same is the case with Pakistan where co-education is taught at a higher level as most of the higher education institutions are teaching in this manner. Co-education and related aspect such as academic achievement and selfesteem of the female students are important aspects of social science research. The current study is conducted to find out how co-education is related with academic achievement and self-esteem of the female students. Quantitative research was conducted from 100 students were selected through random sampling. The data was analyzed with SPSS latest version and regression analysis was analyzed to find out the relationship between the variables. The study concluded that a positive relationship exists between independent and dependent variables. Increase in academic achieving and self-esteem increase the perception about co-education.

Keywords: Co-education, Self-esteem, Regression, Academic Achievement, ANOVA.

In the recent years, social enterprises (SEs) have become center of attention both for researchers and practitioners around the globe. Social enterprises primarily work for creating social value in order to benefit the society while being self-sustainable .However these social enterprises face severe and unique resources challenges as compared to their commercial counterparts, as they serve disadvantaged and underserved communities who cannot afford to pay as much for their products and services as the customers of large business/commercial ventures can pay. This resource scarcity becomes further aggravated when these social enterprises operate in developing economies like Pakistan, having complex and unique sociocultural and economic dynamics. Thus owing to the unique organizational characteristics of the social enterprises and their operating conditions , present study aims to develop a more comprehensive and detailed account of challenges associated with the mobilization of different resources needed by these social enterprises .The study is empirically grounded in healthcare sector of Pakistan. Taking influence from interpretivism as underlying research paradigm, case study strategy has been used. Five different small, early stage self-sustainable health care social enterprises working in different parts of Pakistan have been selected using a multiple holistic case study design. The present study holds novelty by extending the existing repertoire of resource challenges of social enterprises to technological, regulatory and reputational resources not much addressed in social enterprise literature in addition to challenges associated with financial and human resources.

Keywords: Social Enterprises, Resources, Challenges, Healthcare.

Personality traits have been known as the significant differences in individual behaviors. These traits are different from person to person when individual performances are measures. Studies have offered the consistent evidences that personality traits are important and well associated with transfer of training. Within this context, this study aims to examine the impact of big five personality traits on training transfer and also investigate the moderating role of organizational politics on the relationship. A quantitative questionnaire survey was employed to collect data from 404 employees from banking sector of Pakistan. The results of the study indicate that all the five traits of personality positively affecting training transfer. Additionally, organizational politics do moderate the relationship between big five personality traits and training transfer. Theoretical and practical implications of the study were reported at the end.

Keywords: Big Five Personality Traits, Training Transfer, Organizational Politics, Human Resource Development, Structural Equation Modeling.

The events of injustice, inequality and discrimination on the basis of race, nationality and religion are familiar and common. This discrimination does not remain confined to thoughts and opinions but it rises out in the form of injustice, and inequality not only in the third world but also in the West which claims to bemore civilized and concernedwith humanity. Media is supposed not to spread hatred and discrimination yet it has always been in the hands of the powerful stratum, however, with the advent of social media, the masses are not on the receiving end anymore. They can retaliate and can bring to light their reaction via social media. Thus social media is a platformfor getting the masses’ reaction registered. The present research probes intothe linguistic practices and transitions (if any) of print media for African Americans. It achieves its aim by comparing the print media presentation of the assassination of African Americans in the past and present in the United States of America. The research gets benefitted from the theoretical bearing presented by Van Dijk’s approach to Critical Discourse Analysis. By using the 3D model of Fairclough, the news of the assassination of George Floyd on May 25, 2020, and George Stinney on June 16, 1944, are compared. The power of news representation is shifted from the media elites to the common people.

Keywords: Racism, ideological square, violence, news, social media, protest, CDA.

Terrorist attacks are a major problem and a leading concern in the entire world. It is one of the most important topics for all government officials to consider. There are many basic connections and patterns in the data associated with terrorist attacks. If these potential phenomena can effectively control the development of early warning systems for terrorism, they can help to solve complex terrorist decisionmaking issues and maintain regular detection and predictions. Machine learning (ML) models have made significant contributions to the development of prediction models by simulating the dynamic statistical structures of terrorism. This has resulted in improved results and cost-effective strategies. Researchers hope to find more reliable and effective prediction models by incorporating new machine learning approaches and hybridizing current ones. This article aims to provide a concise review of the various machine learning algorithms used to predict terrorism using the Global Terrorism Database GTD historical data set by START. We could use this study as a reference for researchers when deciding which machine learning approach to use for the required prediction challenge.

Keywords: GTD, ML Algorithms, Terrorism Prediction, classification, clustering.

Departure from one’s homeland to a foreign destination is a significant challenge for any international student. The transition of adjusting to a novel educational institute and its social life in the host country is an arduous task in itself. This article reviews the literature on Pakistani international students' scholastic, social, cultural, and psychological adjustment issues as they depart on their educational journey overseas. The examination also includes an assessment of social support from family and friends as well as coping mechanisms. Acculturative stress and language proficiency have been identified as crucial variables regarding Pakistani students' adjustment to a foreign country. However, with the help of family and friends, specific coping methods along with resilience tactics reduce stress and aid in their adjustment. This is the first literature review on Pakistani international students’ experiences and the challenges they face abroad. For the literature review, national and international databases such as Higher Education Commission (HEC) repository PubMed, PsycINFO, EBSCO, and CINAHL were used and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis(PRISMA) guidelines were followed for the screening of research articles. This review may assist in charting Pakistani international students' acculturation patterns in host countries. Moreover, it may also aid Pakistani educational institutions, host nations, and the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC) in developing policies for Pakistani international students overseas.

Keywords: Pakistani International Students, Educational Challenges, Discrimination, Social and Cultural Issues, Language Barriers.