In Pakistan water availability decreased by 78.4% over the past six decades. To avoid threats to food security linked with water scarcity, Pakistan needs to plan its available water resources aggressively. Afghanistan and Pakistan share an Indus River tributary since the Kabul River, the building of 12 dams challenge is a more important issue compared to the Indo-Pak one. Both countries need to reach a water agreement after the issue of 12 dams feeding from Kabul River and it should serve as the spark to boost the positive relation rather being a reference point about India’s assistance in developmental projects in Afghanistan. The objective of this paper is to explore and document the Trans-boundary water issues/conflicts and its analysis for seeking out suitable solutions. For this purpose relevant documents were reviewed. This paper summarizes various approaches uses for the allocation of Trans-boundary water resources. Out of which two different doctrines are leads to possible solution for Trans-boundary water disputes i.e; prior appropriation and riparian rights. As Kabul River is in use for the last so many centuries, therefore the situation will prefer prior- appropriation. But Pakistan can also come under the concept of riparian rights. . It is concluded that treaties is a soft and viable solution of Trans-boundary water conflicts.

Keywords: Trans-boundary Water issue, River Kabul, Treaty.

The present study was aimed to analyze the content of delusions by female paranoid schizophrenic patients’ caregivers. Sample of the study was consisting of 4 young paranoid schizophrenic females’ caregivers. Semi-structured interview was designed based on the previous literature to investigate the content of delusion. Delusions were reported verbatim from patients’ caregivers’ narratives. Content analysis was carried out to identify key delusional themes, and sub-themes. Analysis of the transcripts revealed six common type of delusion i.e delusion of persecution, delusion of influence and being controlled, delusion of religion, delusion of grandeur and delusion of jealousy.

Keywords: Schizophrenia, Female Paranoid Schizophrenic Patients’ Caregivers, Content Analysis, Verbatim, Transcripts, Delusion, Delusion of Persecution, Influence, Religion, Grandeur, Jealousy.

This study assesses the magnitude of farm trees and their association with farmer’s socioeconomic characteristics in district Haripur. The potential social, environmental, financial and communal issues of agro forestry in district Haripur have been examined. For that purpose data collected from farmers for the selection and adaptation of suitable tree species in district Haripur. Primary data were collected through questionnaires, field inventories and FGDs focus group discussion while Secondary data regarding agro forestry activities were obtained from relevant departments and organizations. The key constraints to the agroforestry system development have been accounted as: Poverty, illiteracy, poor governance, lack of Policies, Lack of nursery of preferred species, Lack of accessibility, Lack of timber market, Problem in agricultural operations and lack of alternative energy etc. Data of agriculture department and fact showed that production of crops, fruits and vegetables in areas which are irrigated by natural sources is higher as compared to deprived areas. A technical approach to study the present status may expand land use system with introduction of some beneficial floral species and conversion of wild fruits into valuable by grafting. The current study would certainly open vistas for using farmer’s experience and understanding to motivate implementation of agroforestry system. This research study can provide the expansion of an effective farm forestry that take farmer’s perceptions into fully account and also will attracts governments attentions towards roads, plants nurseries and irrigations system.

Keywords: Food, Agriculture, Forestry.

Seed vigor is the root of fast and uniform emergence and development of plants under variable environmental conditions. Biologists have investigated and developed several approaches to improve seed vigor and consequently plant establishment, including a seed invigoration technique known as seed priming. Seed priming is a pre-sowing treatment in which seeds are partially hydrated to a level that allows germination metabolic processes to initiate, sometimes accelerated by growth regulators, but seeds are held in the lag phase of germination thus preventing radical emergence. When primed seeds are sown, faster germination, greater synchronicity, improved seedling vigor and hence greater resistance to environmental stresses such as salinity and drought is often obtained. The most common forms of seed priming, based on the priming medium in which the seeds are soaked are hydropriming, halopriming, osmopriming and hormone priming. The implementation of these treatments may result in variable effects and harmful effects can result from inappropriate seed treatment. The desired effects of priming treatment are determined by several factors including plant species or variety, nature and concentration of priming medium, and length of soaking period. Variation in the efficacy of seed priming treatments between seed batches is a constraint to uptake of this technique. In order to facilitate a greater adoption of seed priming it will be necessary to develop more generic, safe priming protocols.

Keywords: Halopriming, Hormopriming, Hydropriming, Osmopriming, Matrixpriming, Biopriming, Nutripriming.

In the quest of exploring unique trends in the service sector research, this study highlights the prevalence of leaders' narcissism and provides a framework to investigate the mediating effect of moral disengagement. For this purpose, the current study was undertaken to examine employees' performance working in the Rescue 1122 Department in K.P. The department is rendering its services in 32 different districts throughout the K.P. A total of 4000 employees are working in these districts. The data were gathered through an adapted questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using various statistical tools and techniques that are demographics, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and Preacher & Hayes (2004) for mediation analysis. The results found that Leaders' Narcissism has a negative effect on employee performance and moral disengagement has negatively associated with Leaders' Narcissism and employees' performance. Moreover, implications for the leaders and future research directions were discussed at the end.

Keywords: Leaders' Narcissism, Moral Disengagement, Employee Performance.