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Academy Publication
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Academy of IRMBR
Volume 13, January, 2025
Move your mouse curser on the title to view the abstract of the paper
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S.No. |
Title |
Authors |
Pages |
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| 1 |
Impacts of Lead (Pb) on the Environment: A Review Study
Lead is a chemical element it has symbol pb and atomic number 82. Lead exposure poses significant health risks to humans, including neurological and developmental disorders. Addressing lead pollution is crucial for safeguarding environmental and public health. The objective of this research is to analyze the presence and impact of lead in air, water, and soil. Through qualitative analysis of existing literature, it aims to assess sources, risks, and current mitigation efforts. The study also seeks to provide recommendations for reducing environmental lead contamination. The methodology involves collecting data through a comprehensive literature review of studies related to lead contamination in air, water, and soil. This data is then analyzed qualitatively to identify patterns, sources, and health risks. This research incorporates findings from articles, journals, and studies, in these articles human activities like mining and industrial emissions are the primary contributors to lead pollution, with natural sources playing a lesser role. Lead persists in soil and water, accumulating in food webs and threatening ecosystems and human health. Exposure, particularly in children and pregnant women, leads to developmental and health issues. Stricter regulations, waste management, and public awareness are essential to reduce lead pollution's impact. This study highlights the widespread impact of lead contamination in air, water, and soil, primarily driven by human activities like industrial emissions and urbanization. Lead in water and soil, linked to groundwater leaching and industrial discharges, poses significant public health and environmental risks, including bioaccumulation in ecosystems. The interconnected nature of these contamination pathways requires a comprehensive approach to effectively mitigate lead's harmful effects. A coordinated approach involving strengthened regulations, advanced remediation technologies, and public awareness is essential to address lead contamination. Focused research, vulnerable population protection, and collaboration across sectors are key to mitigating its long-term impacts.
Keywords: Lead Pollution, Human Toxicity, Industrial Emissions, Urbanization, Bioaccumulation.
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ZAIN NAWAZ KHAN, WISAL SHAH and AISHA BIBI |
1-12 |
Details
(170)
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| 2 |
Antibacterial Potential of Beta Vulgaris, Spinacia Oleracea and Trigonella Foenum-Graecum against MDR Clinical Isolate of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi
This study was aimed to assess the efficacy of Trigonella foenum-graecum, Spinacia oleracea, and Beta vulgaris against multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Medicinal plant extracts were prepared using methanol, aqueous, and ethyl acetate. Standard techniques were used for the phytochemical analysis. Mueller Hinton agar was used to detect the antibacterial activity of plants. Microdilution method were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for a bioactive compound. The highest concentration of protein was observed in the leaf and seed portions of Beta vulgaris in methanol and ethyl acetate. The seed portion likewise contained the highest concentration of flavonoids. Beta vulgaris doesn't contain phytosterols. Trigonella faenum-gracum contains the largest concentrations of proteins, flavonoids, and saponins. Spinacia oleracia contained the highest concentrations of protein and flavonoids, but not phytosterols. Spinacia oleracia seeds in ethyl acetate showed high antibacterial activity i-e 10mm, 23mm, 30mm of inhibition zone while Spinacia oleracia leaves showed inhibition of 27mm, 17mm, 9mm against the selected pathogen. Trigonella foenum-graecum leaves in ethyl acetate and roots in methanol showed inhibition of 27mm, 20mm and 25mm, 22mm. Beta vulgaris roots in methanol show higher inhibition off 14mm, 18mm, 23mm while roots in ethyl acetate show inhibition of 15mm, 27mm. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Beta vulgaris roots in methanol and ethyl acetate were 7.4 and 7.6 ug/ml, Spinacia oleracea seeds and leaves had 7 ug/ml, 7.3 ug/ml, 4.7 ug/ml, and 5 ug/ml in ethyl acetate, and Trigonella foenum-graecum roots in methanol had a MIC of 5.8 ug/ml, while the MIC of leaves in ethyl acetate was 6.8 ug/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Beta vulgaris roots in methanol and ethyl acetate were 7.4 and 7.6 ug/ml, Spinacia oleracea seeds and leaves had 7 ug/ml, 7.3 ug/ml, 4.7 ug/ml, and 5 ug/ml in ethyl acetate, and Trigonella foenum-graecum roots in methanol had a MIC of 5.8 ug/ml, while the MIC of leaves in ethyl acetate was 6.8 ug/ml. GC-MS analysis of methanol extract of Beta vulgaris roots confirm the existence of 120 bioactive compounds and the most abundant was 2-PENTACOSANONE. Overall, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Beta vulgaris, and Spinacia oleracea harboured bioactive compounds that had strong antibacterial effect against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and can serve as wonderful source of alternative to antibiotics.
Keywords: Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi, Beta Vulgaris, Bioactive Compounds, Multidrug Resistance, Flavonoids.
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SAMMAR SHAFIQUE, SYEDA ASMA BANO, AMBREEN AKHTAR SADDOZAI, AISHA BIBI and SADIA ALAM |
13-25 |
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(52)
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