Hepatitis is a most important communal disease in Larkana (Sindh) and wide-reaching Issue. As exploration exposed extensive geographical disparity in the prevalence and incidence of hepatitis in study area. Larkana observed the huge figure of patients diseased with hepatitis in addition to several revisions have revealed that HBV, HCV and HDV infection is associated with environmental and social development. The intention of the investigation was, monitoring the location of hepatitis patients homebased in city. To mark the risk factors which are responsible for the disease dispersion in study area. The study used facts through previous records of patients at the district hospital, and through ground survey for the year of 2016. The Disease scattering dynamics and pattern in city, have been quantified through geoinformatics techniques. The outcomes of this research can be worthwhile in evolving a strategy to monitor, prevent and regulate the disease. Male ratio perceived high as compare to female, mostly 70% of cases were in 20–50 age group. There were various environmental and social factors has spatial connection of the dispersal of disease. Mainly the excessive use of injections, barbers, food contamination (Hotels) have seen common way of diffusion plus threaten dynamics connected to the disease. Founded on prevalence density plus on based of disease mapping, it can be attain that the Larkana city had a more incidence density also the disease ratio as compare to other villages of district Larkana during 2016. GIS and spatial investigation execute a significant role in community well-being, risk reduction series can be an essential modules in the epidemiological narrative, study and risk valuation of hepatitis in the research extent as well.

Keywords: Geo-Informatics, Spatial Analysis, Hepatitis, Transmission Route.

This paper we use exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) statistic is an improved type statistic that used current and previous information to estimate the population parameter. In this article utilizes EWMA statistic to propose a ratio and product estimator for the surveys based on time scale. The proposed estimators consist of current as well as past sample information. The mean square error expressions of the proposed estimators are derived and mathematical conditions are recognized to prove the efficiency of proposed estimators. The results of simulation study it is discovered from that utilization of the past samples information the performance of estimator in expressions of efficiency. Real life examples are obtainable to determine the use of proposed estimators.

This research article examines the issue of legal violence and abuse within the criminal justice system. The article delves into the various forms of violence and abuse, such as torture, that are commonly practiced in police stations and prisons. It explores the linkages between investigation, interrogation, and arrest, and how these practices contribute to the perpetuation of violence and abuse. Additionally, the article highlights the need for special rules to protect women and juveniles, and how these rules are often manipulated to perpetuate violence and abuse against these vulnerable populations. The article also analyzes the current state of prison rules and how they fail to adequately address the issue of legal violence and abuse. Finally, the article proposes reforms to police training and structures, arguing that such reforms are necessary to effectively combat the issue of legal violence and abuse in the criminal justice system.

Keywords: Legal, Justice, System, Prison, Torture, Pakistan.

For the past decade, marketing ethics has been a central point for academic researchers and practitioners. In particular, the development of frameworks and models to help in the analysis of Marketing Decisions are the focus of research. Current study aim at finding whether Ethical decisions (Honesty, fairness, responsibility and respect) affects organizational marketing decisions. A selection of 250 respondents was purposely made from the telecommunication industry of Pakistan. Out of which a 204 responses were induced at an acceptable rate of 81.6%. A five point Likert Scale, Itemized with 12 items was adopted from Taylor-Dunlop & Lester (2000) used to draw responses regarding Ethics.

Keywords: Marketing, Ethics, Decisions Making, Telecommunication, Pakistan.

Intellectual property (IP) rights protection is a critical component of economic growth and innovation (Ahmad A. &., 2018). In the case of Pakistan, IP protection has been a significant challenge due to weak legal infrastructure, piracy, and counterfeiting of copyrighted and trademarked products. This research paper aims to explore the challenges and opportunities for intellectual property rights protection in Pakistan. It is an attempt to understand the factors that affect IP protection in Pakistan and to provide recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to strengthen the IP legal framework. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the existing IP laws and regulations in Pakistan and evaluates their effectiveness. Additionally, it examines the root causes of IP violations, including legal loopholes, weak law enforcement, and the lack of awareness among the general public. The study also analyses the impact of piracy and counterfeiting on Pakistan's economy, and it highlights the benefits of a stronger IP protection regime in the country. The research paper concludes by providing recommendations to improve IP protection in Pakistan. The recommendations include the need to strengthen the legal framework for IP protection, enhance public awareness of IP rights, and improve enforcement mechanisms to deter IP violations. The proposed solutions aim to create a favorable environment for innovation and economic growth, while also promoting creativity and culture in Pakistan. This paper is intended to serve as a useful resource for policymakers, researchers, and anyone interested in the field of IP protection in Pakistan.

Keywords: Intellectual Property, IP protection in Pakistan, Challenges and Opportunities.

Transgender constitute an important segment of the society but they face many challenges. Among such challenges is their political and economic empowerment and participation. The current study is designed to investigate the level of their political and economic empowerment and different issues they face while living in the society. The study is based on the quantitative research technique for a broader scope and understanding of the phenomenon. The study applied survey method to investigate and address the research objectives. The survey is based on a sample size of 150 selected through convenient sampling technique, as there is no sampling frame available. The quantitative findings of the current study show that the political and economic participation of the transgender is linked with their level of education. With the increase in the level of education their political participation and economic empowerment increases.

Keywords: Political, Economic, Transgender, Empowerment, Lahore.

This legal document examines the significance of punishment theories in the creation of efficient penal laws through a comparative analysis of four predominant theories, namely retributivism, deterrence, rehabilitation, and restorative justice. It investigates the effectiveness of these theories in reducing recidivism rates and the influence of cultural and societal norms on the acceptance and application of these theories. Additionally, the ethical considerations connected with each theory are explored, along with the advantages of employing a combination of theories to develop a well-rounded and effective penal system. The study also assesses the challenges and limitations involved in integrating restorative justice practices into the current criminal justice system. The report further examines the variations in punishment theories across different cultures and legal systems and analyzes the role of victims in the development of these theories and penal laws. Furthermore, the use of empirical evidence to enhance the effectiveness of punishment theories in practice is explored. Finally, the study considers the implications of prioritizing punishment over rehabilitation in terms of reducing crime and enhancing public safety and explores how advancements in technology and innovations in criminal justice can be used to integrate punishment theories to enhance their effectiveness and efficiency.

Keywords: Theories, Role, Laws, Justice, Rehabilitation.

Over tourism is a new buzzword which has strong prevalence in this world on many grounds. This study analyzes it with two lenses: first it examines the impact of over tourism on rural-urban development then it evaluates the migration and anthropogenic influence of over tourism. For this the primary data has been collected from the residents, tourists, investors and migrants within one month. The data has been gathered through semi-structure interviews from respondents at various tourism spots in Pakistan. The findings of the study deliberated that over tourism led to the development of rural and urban areas in terms of infrastructure, financial and economic well-being. People are moving towards urban areas for jobs and better livelihood, this urban sprawl resulted in overcrowding. Moreover, it also has many positive as well as negative anthropogenic impacts. On a positive note, it provides opportunities for residents, investors and migrants and helps them grow. On the contrary, it does have many detrimental effects that are the sign of unsustainability and environmentally incorrect. Residents also believe that relatively anthropogenic impacts are more detrimental with water and air pollution, loss of nature, biodiversity, congestion. Thus, this study adds up to the existing literature and is helpful for policy makers, stakeholders and future researchers.

Keywords: Over Tourism, Anthropogenic, Environmental Sustainability, Rural-Urban Development, Destination Management.

Learning is the reflective function that makes a student uses previous knowledge to understand and check the present, to shape future action and build new knowledge. This includes the ways of learning and assimilation of new ideas by learner. Effective learning include past, present and future knowledge while the process may not be same throughout. Although the term “effective” has been widely used, it is actually used to make sense only when the context and principles are clarified. For finding the factors regarding learning data was collected through semi structures questionnaires and interpreted by using different mathematical techniques. The study is based on explanatory research design and used a sample size of 150 respondents selected through convenient sampling techniques. For the collection of the quantitative data questionnaire was constructed. The data was analyzed by using SPSS latest version. It was observed during the data collection process that improving learning outcomes, itself provides an opportunity to reflect on the content of the lesson in the context of the programs that can be used. Improving learning outcomes means that the context of learning will always be emphasized, and the lessons focus on knowledge and skills that will be invaluable to the learner now and in the future. By focusing on the application of the knowledge and skills learned in the lesson and on the integration of knowledge and skills with other aspects of their lives, students are more involved in their learning and subject matter. Emphasis on integration and general skills helps learners to draw lessons between lessons and between subject work and other forms of knowledge, improving student engagement. Learners understand the context and purpose of their assessment. In order to determine what is important for students to learn, the teacher should consider a particular subject or unit in the context of future lessons and the curriculum as a whole. This contributes to the development of a coherent curriculum within the institutional framework while maintaining teacher independence, and helps to enssure that students are prepared for future work and learning.

Keywords: Learning, Factors, Analysis, Respondents, Public Sector Okara.

The current study intended to examine the impact of career plateau on organizational citizenship behavior, further, the moderating role of Islamic work ethics has been investigated in the link between career plateau and OCB. The target population of the study was the medical doctors working in teaching hospitals located in Mardan and Nawshera. Adopting the non-probability purposive sampling technique the 257 respondents participated in the study. SPSS and Micro Process were used for analysis. The obtained results showed the indirect relationship between career plateau and OCB. Similarly, the moderating of IE was also confirmed. The novelty of this study was the moderating role of IWE which contributed to the literature significantly. This study suggests that IWE plays a vital role in mitigating the effect of career plateau on OCB.

Keywords: Career Plateau. Islamic Work Ethics, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Hospitals.

This study focused is on the root causes of conflict in South Asia that have created the environment in the region which is destroying the peace and arousing the conflicts in the neighboring states viz. India and Pakistan, which nurtures insurgency. The causes of this menace can be traced in the decisions, made by the British Empire in the 19th and 20th centuries, to prolong her rule in the Indian subcontinent. It is a historical fact that due to the unjust partition of India in 1947 by the British, India and Pakistan has remained locked in an ever prevailing conflict over Kashmir. The issue is proving fatal for the peace of the region and also a source of piling of arms for India and Pakistan. Both the states have indulged in arm race and in a competition to have the influence over Afghanistan. This problem is also hurting the relations of two nuclear states in the region. India and Pakistan has fought three wars and many proxy wars to prove their strength but the issue is still there. Peace talks are also started by the different governments including composite dialogue in the recent years and different diplomatic missions also rendered their services to normalize the ties but the situation is going bad to worst. On the other hand, terrorism aroused by this conflict impacted the international community in the form of terrorist threat posed by different terrorist organizations i.e. Al Qaeda etc. Although, currently, a Taliban government is operating in Afghanistan since 2022 but still terrorists are thought to have their roots in Afghanistan. Unless the resolution of Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan, the terrorism problem will remain a potential threat for South Asia and rest of the world. Therefore, it is urgency that UN and US policy should focus for resolution of India-Pakistan conflicts.

Keywords: Terrorism, South Asia, Conflicts, Relations, Pakistan, India.

This study examines the relationship between entrepreneurial competence, entrepreneurial resilience, perceived business environment, and entrepreneurial success in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) owned by women entrepreneurs in Malaysia. A sample of 248 women entrepreneurs completed a self-reported questionnaire, and the proposed model was tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that entrepreneurial competence has a significant positive relationship with entrepreneurial success, and entrepreneurial resilience mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial competence and success. Perceived business environment was also found to significantly moderate the relationship between competence and success. Interestingly, the perceived environment did not significantly moderate the relationship between resilience and success but moderated the relationship between competence and success. The study's practical implications suggest that stakeholders need to understand the relationship between competence, resilience, environment, and success in order to comprehend the success model. Entrepreneurs' competencies equip them with the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to make them resilient to external shocks and help them gain success, and the environment is crucial to contributing to their success and building competencies. This study's originality lies in its unique focus on possible factors in the entrepreneurial success model, which may help stakeholders pave the way for entrepreneurship for women entrepreneurs. Future studies should consider minimizing response bias issues and conducting longitudinal studies to enhance the study's research limitations.

Keywords: Success Model, Entrepreneurial Competence, Entrepreneurial Resilience, Perceived Environment, Entrepreneurial Success, Women Entrepreneurship.

This empirical study was conducted to provide a structural context for deliberating the potential of the Cholistan Desert, in Pakistan, as a vibrant tourism destination, on the grounds of its rustic natural beauty, rich and resplendent history, and its archaeological, cultural heritage. The strong historical background of Cholistan dates back to the Indus Civilization, which has evidenced the royal regimes and dynasties those, had left their historical marks on the sands of time. The main objectives of this research were first to identity the tourism sites and its potential in Cholistan, second, to explore the problems associated with archaeological sites and third to frame out the strategies/polices for the conservation of national heritage. In order to meet the expectations as well as satisfy the needs of potential tourists, both national and international. The results of this study indicated that cultural tourism has a definite impact on the heritage and increases the probability of profit for the destination through enforcing cultural associations. This study will help policymakers to devise appropriate policies to promote Cholistan as a prospect cultural tourism destination. Any tourist who visits the region cannot help but experience its cultural nature and feel its vibrancy. In addition to helping raise much-needed foreign exchange, Latsly, few suggestions were proposed which will aid policymakers to foster culture and heritage at Cholistan; to build income opportunities for local citizens, to boost their living conditions, and probably helpful to conserve Cholistani heritage assets with greater dedication and a more constructive approach.

Keywords: Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, Cholistan, Tourism Destination, Excavation, Strategies.

The purpose of the study was to explore the factors that influence dropout at the primary level in District Panjgur Balochistan. The study was delimited to mainly primary schools in District Panjgur Balochistan. The study is an explanatory sequential mixed design using quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. The study used push, pull, and falling-out factors as a framework for understanding dropouts. The population was comprised of 181 Boys, 138 Girls, and 17 co-education Primary Schools, DOE (M/F), DDOE (M/F), and head teachers primary school. Pilot testing was done in 05 schools out of 17 coeducation primary schools. Data were collected from 4 education managers and 17 co-education primary schools head teachers. Questionnaires were used for 17 primary head teachers to collect their opinion regarding dropping out at the primary level. The questionnaires were comprised of closed-ended questions. The data collected through questionnaires were interpreted and analyzed using Chi-square, percentage, and mean. Whereas, the data collected through interviews from DOE (M/F) and DDOE (M/F) were asked open-ended to express themselves and their ideas regarding the topic. The medium of interviews was Urdu to let the participants express themselves with comfort. The finding of the study showed that poverty, low parental education, lack of transportation, and motivation were the major factors that directly caused students to drop out of District Panjgur. Therefore, the study recommends taking remedial steps by providing financial assistance, improving transportation options, increasing funding for schools, and providing education and awareness campaigns, which can help to reduce dropout rates and improve educational outcomes for students in the district.

Keywords: Dropout, Head Teachers, Pushed Out, Pulled Out, Falling Out.

The study employs a qualitative secondary analysis (QSA) methodology to understand the escalating street criminality in Sindh, Pakistan. The objectives of this study were to comprehend the phenomenon of street criminality and investigate the most prevalent types of street crime in Sindh to determine the rate of street crime in Sindh's various regions, including Larkana, Hyderabad, and Sukkur, from 2020 to 2021, and to recommend policy guidelines and control strategies for reducing street criminality. According to the study, the most frequent street crimes in Sindh are car/bike snatching, mobile phone snatching, highway robbery/dacoity, street assaults and drug smuggling. The study revealed that a variety of factors contribute to street crime. According to the research, poverty, inflation, urbanization, lawlessness, unemployment, and the availability of weapons contribute to the rise in street crime in Sindh. It was also determined that Hyderabad had the highest number of recorded street offences (1,533), followed by Larkana (1,051) and Sukkur (667) instances. In the end, the following research provided practical strategies for reducing the threat of street crime by arguing that the Pakistani government must simultaneously reduce unemployment and regulate inflation, both of which are major causes of crime, and that police-public interaction must be strengthened and enhanced.

Keywords: Citizen Police Liaison Committee (CPLC), Community Policing, Sindh Police, Street Offences, Strain Theory, Street Criminality, Qualitative Secondary Analysis (QSA).

This paper presents an analysis of Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) of a factory; calculating the actual manufacturing time of specified machine: Kiln, Crusher, Cement mill, and Raw press. An attempt has been done to measure existing overall equipment effectiveness of machinery processes working at desired conditions and ensure; measured the availability, performance rate and quality rate of existing system. For purpose to utilize the existing machinery at their productive capacity to achieve world class standard of OEE. The full factorial of availability, performance rate and quality rate resulted into optimized result, however, critical factor are observed. Significance of each factor is indicated by P-value and F-values in the given analysis. Finally, optimized values of OEE, Kiln 97.56%, Crusher 35.57%, Cement mill 96.1% and Raw press 90.58%. Optimized values create a presentation model in form simulated result output is useful information to industry.

Keywords: OEE, Design Expert, DOE.

This study aimed to analyze the English textbooks at higher secondary level with respect to ethical values. The primary focus of the study was to explore the existence of ethical values in the textbooks of English at higher secondary level with relation to National Curriculum for English Language Grades I – XII. The study's objectives were to discover ethical values expressed in English textbooks published by the Punjab textbook Board in light of the national curriculum of 2006. This study was conducted by using qualitative content analysis method. Qualitative data were tabulated and analyzed through thematic analysis of data driven from the textbooks. Major findings and conclusions of the study revealed that content about tolerance was reflected to some extent in English textbooks. It is concluded that content about patience, empathy and justice was incorporated at very satisfactory level in English textbooks. Study concludes that to some extent content about honesty was incorporated in English textbooks. Content bout equity was reflected rarely in English textbooks. It is concluded that content about humanism was incorporated at satisfactory level. At some places ethical values were reflected in the contents of both English textbooks of higher secondary level.

Keywords: Social Values, Textbooks, Students, Learning, Society, Tolerance, Patience, Empathy, Honesty, Justice, Equity and Humanism, Teachers.

The focus of this research is to find the effect of air-fuel ratio on engine performance and emissions fueled with ethanol-gasoline blends. This study was conducted using a single cylinder four stroke spark ignition engine, a dynamometer, and an emission analyzer. The air-fuel ratio was manually controlled, and then several percentages of ethanol-gasoline blends were utilized in the engine. Torque, braking specific fuel consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) performance and emission tests were done at various air-fuel ratios and engine speeds. Leaning the air fuel ratio reduced CO2 and HC emissions in the same way that pure gasoline did, but unlike pure gasoline, ethanol blends had superior combustion characteristics at lean operating limits and greater engine speeds. Leaning the air-fuel ratio and utilizing ethanol-gasoline blends resulted in considerable reductions in CO and HC emissions. From the analysis of the collected experimental data, it was found that at air-fuel ratios above stoichiometric using E10 will result in lowest CO and HC emissions without compromising engine torque, and E15 will result in lowest BSFC.

Keywords: Ethanol-Gasoline Blends, Engine Performance, Emission Analysis, AFR.

The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of Teacher and Students regarding Shifting of Universities towards Online Mode of Education during COVID-19 Pandemic. During and after Covid-19 pandemic in Pakistan all the universities adopted online mode of education and used different educational Technologies in their teaching and learning process to compete the challenges faced globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), COVID-19 is a pandemic. And this disease was fastest-growing in the world, Covid-19, originated in the Chinese province of Wuhan. The disease is making billions of people socially isolated. All the educational institution close due to Covid-19 pandemic. All universities are taking steps to protect vulnerable students and teachers from unusual diseases. Online mode of education was adopted by regular universities in globally. University staff members are providing their professional services through the online system.

Keywords: Perceptions, Universities, Online Mode of Education, COVID-19 Pandemic.

Predicting 1p/19q co-deletion status in patients with lower-grade Gliomas using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) has attracted a lot of interest because of the potential influence it might have on personalized diagnosis, treatment planning, and prognosis evaluation. To reliably predict 1p/19q codeletion status, this research compares the performance of several CNN models and the combination of MRI sequences. Results show that many CNN models do well in training and testing, including ResNet50, VGG16, InceptionV3, DenseNet201, ResNet152, MobileNetV2, and EfficientNet-B0. Diagnostic accuracy is further enhanced by combining various MRI sequences, T1Gd and T2. The excellent levels of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1 score attained by CNN models are also highlighted in the paper, demonstrating their potential therapeutic relevance. However, there are cautions about the accessibility of datasets, the ease of interpretation, and ethical concerns. Clinical confirmation, incorporation into clinical practice, and further follow-up investigations are all suggested next steps. Multi-center research, AI with an explanation of its actions, the integration of new types of data, and decision support systems that operate in real time are all promising avenues for future study. CNNs show potential for enhancing patient treatment in the setting of lower-grade Gliomas by reliably predicting 1p/19q co-deletion status.

Keywords: CNNs, 1p/19q Co-Deletion Status, Lower-Grade Glioma, Medical Imaging Analysis, Personalized Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, Prognosis Assessment.

This study was designed to examine the perceptions of secondary school principals regarding their leadership styles. The objectives of the study were: 1) to find the perceptions of secondary school principals relating to their leadership styles; 2) to find the difference between male and female principal leadership styles at secondary school level in urban areas; and 3) to examine the difference between male and female principal leadership styles at secondary school level in rural areas. The survey research design was adopted to achieve the objectives. The study included all secondary school principals in district Haripur. Two hundred (200) principals were chosen using a stratified random sampling technique and divided into strata of 100 males and 100 females. Data were collected through a self-constructed questionnaire based on a six-point scale, consisting of fifty (50) closed-ended statements. The instrument was made valid through judgmental validation. Its reliability coefficient was found to be 0.90. Statistical tools were used to analyze the collected data. The findings revealed that most secondary school principals were in favor of a transactional leadership style. Further, male, and female principals in urban areas were found to have the same overall leadership style. Furthermore, male principals in rural areas were found to have a better overall leadership style than female principals. It was recommended that the principal's style of leadership be a combination of all five leadership styles to meet the needs of all students and staff in the school. Workshops, conferences, trainings, and seminars might be organized by the education department, NGOs, and public sector universities to fill up the gaps between male and female principals’ leadership styles in urban areas specifically and rural areas generally.

Keywords: Principals Perception, Leadership’s Styles, Secondary School, Males and Females, Urban and Rural Areas.

This study examines the impact of task-oriented and relationship-oriented shared leadership on project success in the IT sector of Pakistan. Data was collected from project team members in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, where 400 questionnaires were distributed and 330 completed responses were collected. The study used SPSS for data analysis. The findings indicate that both task-oriented and relationship-oriented shared leadership have a significant impact on project success. The study also highlights the mediating role of team cohesion and the moderating role of task interdependence in the relationship between shared leadership and project success. These results have important implications for project managers and leaders in the IT sector of Pakistan, providing insights into effective leadership styles and strategies for achieving project success.

Keywords: Project Success, Shared Leadership, Team cohesion and Task Interdependence.

The travel industry is always on the viewpoint for innovative methods to better serve its customers. In this study, we investigate using machine learning, a data-driven strategy, to accomplish this end. The research is situated within the current market trend towards customized and comprehensive vacations. The goal is to examine how well machine learning methods may enhance the traveler's experience in terms of things like happiness, suggestion precision, review scores, efficiency, and cost. The technique relied heavily on experimental data and statistical analysis. The findings show that a data-driven strategy using machine learning methods has tremendous promise for boosting the quality of the visitor experience in a variety of ways. According to the results, these measures often result in happy customers, good reviews, less time spent on administrative tasks, and lower overall costs. These findings point to the necessity for the tourist sector to use machine learning technology to improve the overall experience for its customers. In conclusion, our research shows that a data-driven strategy based on machine learning may significantly improve the vacationing experience. The results show that these technologies have great potential to provide visitors with unique and rewarding tourist experiences, and they should be embraced and invested in by policymakers and industry stakeholders.

Keywords: Machine Learning, Tourist Satisfaction, Recommendation Accuracy, Average Review Rating, Cost Savings.

The present paper addresses the attitude of Pakistani students towards Urdu- English code-switching. It is one of the significant issues in Pakistan. Cultural hybridism and bilingualism are the cause of Code switching. It occurs when a speaker rapidly replaces a word with another language. It is not a lack of competence it is cause of cultural hybridity. To determine the attitude toward Urdu- English codeswitching, this paper investigates 100 English-speaking students of Sargodha (Pakistan). One of the widely cited models of bilingual language is the Revised Hierarchical Model (RHM) represented by Kroll and Stewart. Data have been analyzed through SPSS 23 program. The purpose of scrutinizing code-switching is to arouse the interest of the students to learn the English language. It is to determine whether codeswitching is a positive approach in second language acquisition. The results of this paper will be fruitful for second language learners in the educational space of Pakistan.

Keywords: Code-Switching, Language, Acquisition, Urdu, English.

This study was conducted to explore educational, vocational, social, personal, and health related guidance & counseling needs of students and their perception about establishment of guidance and counseling service centers at higher education institutions of Islamabad. This study also explored gender and sector wise differences regarding guidance & counseling needs as well as establishment of guidance and counseling service centers. Study was based on quantitative survey and data were collected from 1743 students of BS program from four public and seven private universities. It was perceived that all the students significantly highlighted the need of guidance and counseling centers. Furthermore, the results established that irrespective of gender wise difference all students showed positive perception regarding the establishment of guidance and counseling service centers. Therefore, it is recommended that higher education authorities are required to take prompt initiative for ensuring ample guidance and counseling facilities for students to overcome their educational, vocational, social, personal, and health related problems.

Keywords: Guidance and Counseling, Higher Education Institutions, Educational, Social, Personal, Health, Vocational, Needs.

The vast majority of Pakistani people rely on agriculture to make a living. Pakistan is a water-stressed country. As a lower riparian country, Pakistan is facing water conflicts with its neighbors. In addition to the Indus River, the Kabul River plays a significant role in Pakistan's geography and economy. A plan of the Afghanistan government to build reservoirs on the Kabul River with India's technical and financial support will adversely affect Pakistan. The study will focus on the building of dams on the Kabul River as well as the Indian hegemonic strategy to support dam building on the Kabul River that flows into Pakistan, and its implications for Pakistan in detail.

Keywords: Water Politics, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Hydrohegemony, River Kabul, Upper Reprain, Lower Reprain.

The purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of corporate social responsibility on financial distress of non-financial Pakistani listed firms. To validate this association, a sample of 100 non-financial Pakistani listed firms has been taken for the period of 2015 to 2019 by using correlation matrix, panel regression analyses. The proxy variables for CSR is CSR investment in terms of donations, Workers welfare fund (WWF), salaries and wages. Altman Z-score model is used to measure financial distress of nonfinancial Pakistani listed firms. Firm size and firm age are used as control variables in the study. Based on 100 non-financial listed firms, this study found that there is negative relationship between CSR practices and financial distress (FD) level. It means that those firms who perform CSR practices in their business activities having little chances to go into FD situation of non-financial firms in Pakistan. 

Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Financial Distress, Altman Z-Score Model, Non-Financial Firms.

This mix method research consists of 238 samples out of estimation 600 papulation including only women borrowers. This research was undertaken to investigate the ideas of microloans and women's empowerment in the context of Pakistan. In the first stage, qualitative technique was used to interviews and focus group discussions women who received microloans from Kashf Foundation (KF), Mobilink Microfinance Bank and Khushali Bank (KB). In the second phase, a quantitative analysis was used to cross sectional surrevy and determine how microloans are related to women's empowerment. The quantitative investigation found a significantly associated between microloans and women's empowerment. The purpose of the study was to analyze the following factors in particular: economic empowerment performance, political empowerment performance and social empowerment performance in district pakpattan. The reasons why people utilize micro credit and the percentage of women that do so are discussed. The  influence of credit on women empowerment activities is positive and negative. How loan usage impacts on with women lives especially in district pakpattan shrif.

Keywords: Microfinance (MF), Women Empowerment (WE), Social Empowerment (SE).

This paper will demonstrate the factors associated with health behaviors in Pakistan and also articulate the hurdles in opting these behaviors. It will indicate the working of policy makers in shaping and enforcing the promotion of health behaviors. Further discussion of the factors like psychological, social, economic, cultural, political, environmental, educational, religious, myths and superstitions will be included. It will highlight the efforts of the government in developing the required awareness in people and also how the government is coping with all the challenges related to fake news and myths. The healthcare system of Pakistan is a complex one and government has implemented many policies from time to time for the successful delivery of health opportunities. Every now and then the people showed infirm behaviors and the government was also unsuccessful to some extent in delivering effective healthcare. This write-up will assess those factors which are responsible for resisting the promotion of health behaviors in Pakistan. Lastly, it will discuss factors associated with health behaviors in Pakistan.

Keywords: Factors of Health, Health Behaviors, Promotion.

The purpose of this study was to examine the practices and knowledge in assessment of secondary school teachers of Quetta district. A random sample of 205 secondary schoolteachers in Quetta was chosen. A survey-based questionnaire of self-assessed knowledge was used to gather the data. Moreover, a test consisting of 20 multiple-choice questions based on basic assessment areas was also prepared by the researcher prepared to gauge each teacher's level of assessment competence. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential methods. The findings showed a general lack of assessment expertise. However, the results of the self-assessed questionnaire showed certain strengths (such as the use of traditional techniques of assessment, non-achievement-based grading, understanding assessment ethics, and disseminating assessment results with stakeholders) and discrepancies (such as performance assessment, student involvement in assessment, creating assessments for higher order thinking skills, and developing assessment criteria and standards). Additionally, the findings revealed several areas of concentration that may serve as a guide for the creation of future assessment training. The study's findings were also expected to be useful in informing all interested stakeholders, such as academics, educators, parents, students, and representatives of professional organizations about the expertise of the current teachers in classroom assessment.

Keywords: Knowledge in Classroom Assessment, Classroom Assessment Practice Secondary School, Teachers Competencies.

Balochistan is vulnerable to disasters. Its vastness and poverty makes it a hunting ground for floods, famines, earthquakes, heavy snowfall and pandemics. As a sufferer the educational institutions have no other option but to close their activities in times of disasters unless the calamity has incurred. This situation causes unfathomable loss to the students of public colleges and to the overall educational activities of institutions. This study would unfold the capacities of the public colleges to address the disasters along with highlighting the role of disaster-related departments during the pandemic covid-19. Based on the applied model of Quazi Arefin Rezoane, this study employs a conceptual framework which identifies the factors measuring the capacities of the colleges to address the disaster. Qualitative in nature, this study uses in-depth interviews for first hand data collection. In-depth interviews are conducted across Balochistan province. There are 122 functional colleges exists in Balochistan. Random sampling is employed for the sake of reliability and validity. Out of the 30 selected samples, data was collected from 26 samples in shape of recorded and written interviews. From the remaining four, inspite of repeated efforts, 3 samples could not be obtained, while one provided the data when the data analysis had been done. For analysis of the study, vivo coding has been used. The resulting numerical data is analyzed through “stata software”. It is vividly observed that colleges possess no mechanism and capacity of their own to confront the challenge of any disaster. Content analysis depicts that there is a guideline mechanism of cooperation and coordination among the departments and in between the public and private organizations, however, in practical, no effort has been done in ensuring these guidelines, even the heads of the colleges are largely unaware of such policies. Besides the fact that preparedness planning, responsiveness and awareness regarding disasters are aims of disaster management policy, the study has found no evidence that this policy has implemented to its least version. This study also reveals the poor condition of inter-department cooperation at the time of disaster, still intra-departmental coordination has found explicitly. The role of non-governmental organizations was also negligible. The need of trainings, resources, cooperation, coordination and social awareness are assuredly observed.

Keywords: Covid-19, Disaster, Colleges, Study, Case.

This Study investigates relationships among financial stability and factors of corporate governance. Research work use leverage ratio and liquidity ratio to measure financial stability and corporate governance factors are board of directors’ measure through numbers of board of directors, ownership structures measure through concentrate ownership, managerial ownership and institutional ownership structures. Study revealed that board of directors and managerial ownership structure is positively associated with financial stability, concentrated ownership and institutional ownership negatively associated with financial stability. Finely conclude that greater size of board of directors and managerial shares and discrete reduction of concentrate ownership and institutional ownership shares have profound effects on financial stability of commercial banks in Pakistan.

Keywords: Corporate Governance Factors, Financial Stability, Commercial Banks.

Current study explores the relationship between empowering leadership and change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) along with mediating role of psychological empowerment. The study is based on Self-determination theory as overarching theory. A cross-sectional survey involving 300 employees from both service and manufacturing sector was conducted. The findings support the proposed research model, indicating the positive impact of empowered leadership on change-oriented OCB. Additionally, the study confirms the mediating effect of psychological empowerment, suggesting that empowering leaders fosters psychological empowerment, enhancing change-oriented OCB among employees. These results underscore the importance of cultivating a positive and empowering work environment to motivate individuals toward proactive behaviors that contribute to organizational development.

Keywords: Empowering Leadership, Change-oriented OCB, Psychological Empowerment.

Sea level rise is a significant global challenge that poses substantial risks to coastal zones worldwide, including those in Pakistan. This paper aims to explore the impacts of sea level rise on the coastal zones of Pakistan, focusing on the environmental, socio-economic, and infrastructural aspects. The research utilizes a multidisciplinary approach, combining scientific analysis, social assessment, and policy evaluation to comprehensively examine the issue. The study begins by analyzing the current rate of sea level rise in the coastal zones of Pakistan through the utilization of satellite altimetry data and tide gauge measurements. It then assesses the projected sea level rise scenarios for the region, considering various emission scenarios and climate change models. Furthermore, the research investigates the environmental consequences of sea level rise, including habitat loss, biodiversity impacts, coastal erosion, and saltwater intrusion. It examines the potential socio-economic impacts, such as displacement, loss of livelihoods, and infrastructure damage, emphasizing the vulnerability of coastal communities. In addition, the paper explores mitigation and adaptation strategies to minimize the adverse effects of sea level rise in coastal areas. It discusses coastal protection measures, sustainable land use planning, integrated coastal zone management, and communitybased adaptation approaches as potential strategies. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to the understanding of sea level rise impacts on the coastal zones of Pakistan and the identification of appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies. The findings of this research can inform policymakers, planners, and local communities in formulating strategies and policies to enhance the resilience of coastal areas and ensure sustainable development in the face of sea level rise.

Keywords: Sea Level, Rise, Effects, Coastal, Zone, Pakistan.

The current study was accompanied to study the hopefulness and life satisfaction amongst infertile individuals. Participants of the present study were comprised of 68 infertile individuals. Data was collected from the Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar KPK (Endocrinology Indoor and outdoor patients). The alpha reliability coefficient for hopelessness has .69, and for life, satisfaction is .67. A recent study has suggested that. There is a significant negative relationship between despair and life satisfaction. Considerable gender differences present on hopefulness and life satisfaction. Females score highly on hopelessness, while males score high on life satisfaction. Any medical problem history has a non-significant difference in hopelessness and life satisfaction.

Keywords: Hopelessness, Life satisfaction, Infertility.

Blandishment refers to set of strategic behaviors aimed at influencing others by highlighting the appeal of one’s personal qualities. It can involve actions like offering compliments or performing favors for superiors or colleagues. This study aims to investigate how the Blandishing behavior of bank employees impacts performance evaluation in a public & Private sector of Baluchistan. Banking sector comprising five different departments: Operations Department, Treasury Department, Risk management Department, Human resources Department and Compliance Department. Further; 85 questionnaires were filled by bankers and results showed there is significant positive but weak impact of blandishment on employee performance evaluation also there was significant weak relationship between variables indicating people of Baluchistan uses blandishment on some context that also work for them in evaluation of their performance, hence both null hypotheses were rejected based on results of data analysis.

Keywords: Employee Blandishment, Performance Evaluation, Banking Sector Institutions.

This study aims to investigate the impact of abusive supervision on employees' turnover intention and examine the mediating role of self-identity in this relationship. Data was collected from employees working in multiple banks across Pakistan using a validated questionnaire. A total of 220 questionnaires were distributed among the employees, out of which 180 were returned. After eliminating incomplete responses, a final sample of 174 participants was analyzed using various statistical techniques that are descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis with Preacher and Hayes (2004). The findings reveal that self-identity partially mediates the relationship between abusive supervision and turnover intention. The implications of these results and potential avenues for future research are discussed, along with the limitations of the study.

Keywords: Abusive Supervision, Turnover Intention, Self-Identity, Mediation, Banks, Pakistan.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Remittances and the Trade Openness all are the important factors for any economy. FDI has direct impact on the transfer of technology with the help of multinational companies, whereas Remittances inflow also has direct impact of the living standards of the local people, health issues and the life style. Trade openness (Import & Export) both are the most important factors for an economy which will make the direct and long-term relationship with the economy of Pakistan. This research is only about investigating the impact of FDI, Remittances and Trade openness on Economic growth of Pakistan, and need to determine the relationship between the FDI, Remittances and Trade openness. Secondary data on macroeconomic variables have been used to assess the relationship. Annul data has been collected from the 1980 to 2018 for all variables. Study undertakes unit root test to test for stationarity first and then ARDL model has been applied for data analysis. ARDL Bound and Ramsey Reset test has been done to know the long- and short-term relationship between the variable, which indicates that FDI, Remittances and the trade has Long-term relation and positively correlated with economic growth of Pakistan. Whereas our analysis shows that there is impact FDI, Remittances and Trade openness on Economic growth of Pakistan, other hand result shows that there is long term relationship between FDI, Remittances and Trade openness with GDP which represents the economic growth of Pakistan.

Keywords: FDI, Remittances, Trade Openness, GDP, ARDL, Ramsey Reset.

The period of pregnancy is one of the most important stages of a woman’s life. A pregnant woman goes through many changes that affect the overall lifestyle of the woman during such a delicate time period. These changes may include changes related to both physical and mental aspects. But the most noticeable changes are physical changes that occur in the woman’s body. The general body shape and size change along with increasing body weight. For this reason, special care must be taken into account and special type of maternity garments must be developed. The following research article focuses on the need for designing innovative maternity-based wear for a pregnant woman during pregnancy. Through various case studies, the overall examination of pregnant female bodies during pregnancy was carried out. The time period of pregnancy from the 1st month towards 9th month is divided into three trimesters. Keeping in view these body changes and size variations in these trimesters, a special body sized garment pattern was developed and draping was carried out digitally. A wear and trial process was conducted on different individuals. For the purpose of garment fit evaluation, the technique of origami was used in the garments to make them extendable. And the final developed garment was extendable which can be worn throughout this time period and even after this phase.

Keywords: Garment-Fit Pattern Design, Maternity Clothing, Body Changes, Proportions, MVC Fashion, Size Variations.

This paper aims to propose a theoretical framework of the dualistic model of entrepreneurial passion (DMEP) and entrepreneurial performance. The framework is based on both the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and Mood Maintenance Hypothesis (MMH). To gather information, we conducted a comprehensive review of existing conceptual and empirical literature on the topic and synthesized the findings. The findings reveal that the link between DMEP and entrepreneurial performance is distal, with the proposed DMEP having a direct relationship on entrepreneurial performance, and indirect impacts that are serially mediated by factors such as entrepreneurial emotions, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness, and escalation of commitment. The study presents a succinct framework for the regulation of entrepreneurial passion and its impact on entrepreneurial performance. The study extends the ontological field of the dualistic model of entrepreneurial passion, and the framework is very likely to be validated by empirical research in the future. The practical implications of this study are significant as it provides a thorough comprehension of the connection between entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial performance. This information can be used to develop effective strategies and interventions in the field of entrepreneurship.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial Passion, Emotion, Self-Determination, Risk-Taking, Competitive Aggressiveness, Performance, Escalation of Commitment.

The aim of the present research was to qualitatively identify the factors of delinquency among juvenile delinquents and runaway children residing in shelter and to examine their perception of delinquency and Psychological well-being in detail. A sample of 10 juvenile delinquents and runaway adolescents (M = 5; F = 5) was taken from the two institutions functioning for the protection and welfare of such children in Lahore and Rawalpindi. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for data collection and Thematic Analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006) was carried out. Four major themes were drawn comprising thirteen subthemes; Factors of Delinquency (Subthemes; Socioeconomic and Familial factors, Behavioral factors and Situational factors), Psychological wellbeing (Subthemes; Change in Life, Life Satisfaction, Purpose in Life, Relationship Building and Self Perception of Productivity), Role of Parents (Subthemes; Value of Parents/Home and Advice for Parents) and Emotional Responses (Subthemes; Anger provoking incidents, Feelings during anxiousness and Defense mechanisms). A lack of financial support, an unpleasant home environment, child labor, a lack of parental love, a rebellious attitude, bad company, physical aggression, verbal taunts by family or parents, and parent‟s demand for forced labor are frequently reported among factors contributing to delinquency. Among psychological well-being indicators, satisfaction with present life, a sense of relief, learning skills, and good relations with others are frequently reported codes. The theme, „role of parents identified the importance of parents, their bread-earner role, and discouragement of child labor as repeated codes. The final major theme, „emotional responses highlighted the teasing behavior of others and aggression as frequently reported codes among anger-provoking incidents and feelings during anxiousness, respectively. As „Defense mechanisms, most participants reported low mood and staying silent. Overall this research helped to identify the problematic domains of juveniles‟ life to further address the intervention based solutions. 

Keywords: Delinquency, Psychological Wellbeing, Emotional Responses, Defense Mechanisms.

Social media usage is becoming more crucial for organization all strategy, a research has been done to systematically expand and consolidate knowledge on social media marketing strategies (SMMSs). By creating, consuming, and analyzing messaging, customers, on the other hand, are given more power by the media platform and take charge of the marketing process (Hamilton et al. 2016). More than ever, marketers must strategically employ the communication platform to gain a competitive advantage and boost output. From being a single marketing tool, the communication platform has developed into a source of marketing intelligence (where businesses can monitor, analyses, and predict customer behavior). Despite the fact that advertisers' understanding of the value of customer communication on social media is growing, only a small portion of businesses have properly planned their involvement in and presence on social media (Choi and Thoeni 2016; Griffiths and Mclean 2015). 300 people make up the probability sample and the actual sample. The data was gathered using a simple random sampling method. The desired sample plus an additional 10% sample used for error purposes were used to collect the final 320 respondents' responses for this research paper. To address in this research, we will define using SMMS social media advertising and marketing planning components. Social monitoring, social content, social commerce, and social customer relationship management strategies. To validate this taxonomy of SMMSs, we then combine data from earlier empirical studies with information from interviews in-detail and a quantitative survey. Directors of the social media advertising department Researcher suggest fruitful research directions to the future based on take input from industry experts. Researcher has examined the advantages and difficulties of social media advertising for SMEs. In various forms of social channels and their functions have also been described. The benefits to SME can differ in terms of value and volume depending on whether a SME is building to social media performing on several channels or just on a few of them. Increased brand exposure and reputation management, increased targeted marketing, and increased sales are the main advantages highlighted in this paper. The type of Social Media channels that are used will largely determine how cost-effective social media marketing is. Social link, social media sharing websites, forums, and social event websites in all categorised as social media channels and, in different ways, will be very advantageous to businesses. The advantages and difficulties of social media marketing for SMEs have been examined in this paper. In conclusion, social relationships are replacing business relationships in today's business world. Your sales activities must follow a process of attracting and transforming prospects by carrying out some steps, which must be a crucial component of your social media marketing strategy, in order to have an impact on your prospects and customers. Establish the proper setting for the message, Organize a suitable lottery. 

Keywords: Marketing, Social Media, Influence, Startegies, Digital Marketing.

Statistics is a vast subject useful in almost all disciplines especially in Research studies. Each and every researcher should have knowledge in Statistics and use of statistical tools in his/ her research. Hence in this research paper “Application of Statistical tools in Educational Research at Ph.D. Level in Public Sector Universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa", the researcher has made an attempt to give a brief report on Statistical tools used in research studies. The objectives of the research paper were; To investigate the knowledge of the respondents regarding the use of statistical tools in research. To investigate the experiences with various data analysis software used in research paper. The research questions were; What is the level of knowledge of the respondents regarding the use of statistical tools used in research? What is the competence of the respondents regarding the use of statistical software use in research studies.? The population of the research paper was all faculty members and Ph.D. research scholars of education department in public sector universities of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa. Researcher used questionnaire as data collection tool by applying survey method. Data was collected through different sources, by email, using social media WhatsApp and messenger, by Google form and researcher personally visited different universities. Frequency distribution and percentages were used for the analysis of the views of the respondents. It was concluded that both male and female faculty have less background knowledge of statistics, average experience about statistical software using in research. Scholars’ views shows that there is problem in understanding many statistical tools used in research. On the basis of findings and conclusions the following were the recommendations of the research paper. i). Keeping in view the importance of the subject of statistics, time duration for the course of statistics may be extended for grip on the subject. ii). Proper courses and classes may be arranged for statistical software used for the manipulations of research problems and for facilitating the calculation and analysis of data. Especially the courses of Microsoft Excel and SPSS may be included in the course as compulsory subjects. iii). Seminars for application of statistics in research may be arranged time to time.

Keywords: Statistical Tools, Frequency Distribution, Statistical Software, SPSS, Microsoft. Excel, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa.

By identifying the presence of the calendar/seasonal anomalies impact on the market, this article looked at the efficiency of Pakistan's numerous stock indices. This study's data spans a ten-year period, from January 2011 to December 2020. The January effect, negative Monday impact, and semi-month effect are investigated using statistical models such as the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models, as well as the Lagrange Multiplier test to determine if the data set is heteroscedastic. The result demonstrates the Pakistan Stock Market's inefficiency as well as the occurrence of calendar/seasonal anomalies such as the January impact, negative Monday effect, and semi-month effect. In addition, the Wednesday results are among the most notable finds as it was the most significant, and the one with the greatest average mean returns. The months of June and July were found to be non-significant, indicating that the tax loss hypothesis does not hold. The finding of the study proved the inefficiency of the Pakistan Stock Exchange and the findings on seasonal anomalies can help investors of Pakistan Stock Exchange gain abnormal returns.

Keywords: Seasonal Calendar Anomalies, January Effect, Negative Monday Effect, Semi Month Effect, Heteroscedasticity.

This study is based on ranked set sampling (RSS) with nonparametric stratum variance estimation. To select an extensive number of respondents from the intended audience, RSS uses incorrect rankings for the relevant variable. The sample obtained, which consists of different judgement order statistics, reflects a stratified random sample. Utilizing an updated kernel estimate of distribution function, we modify the previous estimator. Through simulation, the performance of the designed estimator is evaluated and its consistency is shown. It indicates that, under the assumption of perfect or nearly perfect ranking, our approach can be significantly more effective than existing estimators.

Keywords: Ranked Set Sampling, Nonparametric Distribution Function, Estimation of Variance, Kernel Functions, Bandwidth Selectors.

This research aims to comprehensively analyze the interplay between insider ownership, institutional ownership (INSO), and dividend policy within Pakistani Islamic mutual funds. It specifically explores how ownership structures influence dividend payout strategies within the framework of Islamic finance. The study employs panel data analysis to investigate the effect of insider and institutional ownership on dividend payouts, utilizing a sample of 98 Islamic mutual funds in Pakistan. The research shows insignificant effect of “institutional ownership” on the dividend distribution policy of Pakistani Islamic investment funds. In contrast, insider ownership exerts a significant and positive influence. This shows that when insider ownership increases by 1%, dividend payments increase by 0.0117%. Stakeholders in Pakistan's Islamic finance sector should carefully consider these findings. This study be a factor to the existing literature by exploring the connection between insider, institutional ownership and dividend policy specifically in the context of Pakistani Islamic investment funds. It sheds light on how ownership affects mutual fund payout policies. The results have practical implications for investors, particularly when considering funds with a higher proportion of insider ownership. Regulators can use these insights to strengthen dividend policies in mutual funds and improve corporate governance mechanisms. In addition, this research expands current knowledge on corporate governance, insider, institutional ownership and dividend policy, with a focus on Islamic finance and the Pakistani market.

Keywords: Ownership Structure, Dividend Payout Policy, Corporate Governance, Islamic Mutual Funds.

This study examines the political behavior of youth in the district of Okara, with a particular focus on analyzing their party affiliations. The objective of this research is to gain insights into the level of political engagement and passion displayed by the youth in Okara towards different political parties. The study is based on a sample size of 315 participants, ensuring a representative and diverse range of perspectives. Using a combination of surveys, interviews, and data analysis techniques (Frequency, Descriptive, Regration, Anova, Independent sample t test) this research seeks to explore the factors influencing the youth's party affiliations and their level of enthusiasm towards their chosen parties. The study takes into account variables such as socio-economic backgrounds, educational levels, and family political histories to understand the dynamics behind these affiliations. Through the analysis of data collected from the participants, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the political landscape among the youth in Okara. The findings will shed light on the key motivations, ideologies, and values that drive their political choices. Furthermore, it will uncover the role of social media, peer influence, and community networks in shaping their political behavior. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the existing literature on political behavior, specifically focusing on the youth population in Okara. The findings will provide valuable insights for political parties, policymakers, and stakeholders who aim to engage with and address the concerns and aspirations of the youth. Moreover, it will aid in developing strategies to enhance youth participation in political processes and strengthen democratic institutions at the local and national levels.

Keywords: Political Behavior, Youth, Party Affiliation, Family Political History.

The amount of trade between Pakistan and China has mostly remained negligible. The two states were unable to form a workable economic alliance prior to the first decade of this century. The Pakistan-China partnership could be even more strengthened by bulky trade flows. Study found that with the implementation of the China-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement (CPFTA) in July 2007, the growth of the twoway economic trade took on a new phase. But at the same time Pakistan's trade development was hindered and its trade deficit with China grew. Statistical analysis of data, recorded from the IMF database, was used to determine the combined value of Pak-China exports and imports. Moreover, arbitration clause of trade agreements, article 53, needs to be strong enough to enforce arbitral awards. Imported products, at cheaper prices, from China is one of the main reason for local industries which are not to flourishing. Pakistan’s government should make rules for importers, exporters and manufacturers so that they can work without any fear of low/cheap pricing. In terms of trade, both countries can get a lot of benefits from Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) which is one of the key initiative by China.

Keywords: Trade Surplus/Deficit, Free Trade Agreements, Arbitration, Bilateral Trade, Belt & Road Initiative.

The advancement in technology and the internet have drastically hit the lives of individuals, especially the youth, in the past few decades. Thereby, making an immense impact in many spheres of our life, may it be physical, social, psychological or emotional well-being. This study explores the correlation among internet addiction, Emotional Quotient, and academic Achievement among undergraduates of Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The sample collected consisted 200 (100 males and 100 females) University students. Purposive convenient sampling technique was used for the collection of data. Age of the participants ranged from 18 to 30 years. The instruments; Internet Addiction Standard Test (Young, 1998) and Trait Emotional Questionnaire Short-Form (Petrides and Furnham, 2001) were used for the current study. Academic achievement was measured through last semester GPA of the students. Results showed a negative significant interrelation among internet addiction, Emotional Quotient and Academic achievement. Results also showed that there is a significant gender difference in internet addiction and no significant gender difference on Emotional Quotient and academic achievement.

Keywords: Internet Addiction, Emotional Intelligence, Emotional Quotient, Academic Achievement, Academic Performance.

The international treaties relating to aviation security set forth several bases of extraterritorial jurisdiction and necessitate state parties to implement them in their national laws. The extraterritorial application of national laws is required for their suppression since the offenses acknowledged by these treaties cut across international boundaries. Whereas some of these bases incorporate consensual principles of customary international law, the others represent ambitious claims embracing controversial doctrines. State cooperation requires uniformity in the laws of the requesting and requested states because it is a reciprocal process, including uniformity in the extraterritorial reach of national laws. The validity of a state of jurisdiction can be assessed on its proximity or remoteness to a customary rules of jurisdiction, in particular the consensual one. Applying this test to the bases supplied by the aviation treaties, it can be suggested that only a few bases embody consensual rules of customary international law. Hence, states may face difficulties in procuring law enforcement cooperation from their treaty partners owing to reciprocal nature of these proceedings. Therefore, it is unlikely that states will use these treaties as the foundation for cooperation; instead, they will continue to rely on bilateral treaties to seek interstate cooperation in extradition and proceedings involving mutual legal assistance. This will frustrate the objective of aviation treaties to facilitate multilateral, rather than bilateral cooperation among states.

Keywords: Aviation Security, Extraterritoriality, Customary rules of Jurisdiction, Quasi Universality, Passive Personality and Effects Doctrine.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected physical things/devices used to communicate with each other connected with the internet. Its major applications are home automation, smart wearable devices, smartphones, and industrial machinery that generate an enormous amount of data. This generated data is sent to edge computing for processing and later use. Cloud computing is a computing paradigm used widely to sell services over the internet on demand according to the need of the user to complete their tasks. Edge computing provides storage and processing capabilities, and it is much more useful in real-time applications like video games, and smart vehicles that need real-time decisions without any delay. Edge nodes are limited in terms of available resources like memory, processing, and battery. So, it requires a mechanism that can complete the execution of the tasks by offloading their tasks to another edge device connected in the network. The resources are identified by fuzzy logic that can reach their maximum level in case of CPU and memory utilization. In the case of battery life, the minimum level is identified and needs another node in the edge computing for the rest of the execution of the tasks. All the devices connected with a network in edge computing also share a server or a local memory that is used to save the current state of the running application or task before offloading so that the task can be resumed. The fuzzy logic system identifies the edge device resource that needs to be offloaded to another edge device to complete its execution. Since the results are generated by the fuzzy logic the overloaded node starts to find the nearby edge node and creates a connection by using a shared memory mechanism. When a connection is established, the sender edge node creates an image of the process and sends the receiver edge node, so that the receiver edge node can start execution of the process from where it is stopped by the sender edge node.

Keywords: Edge Computing, Offloading, Fuzzy Logic, Internet of Things, Reliability.