The current study employed qualitative research methodology involving in-depth interviews with victims of domestic violence living in women's shelter in Hyderabad. The study used a purposeful sampling technique and included a total sample of 33 married and unmarried women. The study's primary purpose was to analyze the various forms of domestic violence experienced by women. The findings identified four forms of violence, including physical, psychological, economic, and sexual abuse. According to the research, their father, brother, spouse, and in-laws were the foremost perpetrators of violence. The second purpose of the research was to identify characteristics that contribute to domestic violence, such as a husband's drug or alcohol use, violent temperament, extramarital affairs, and desire for re-marriage. Exerting control over women, women's desire to marry of her choice, and inappropriate housework are also reasons for parental domestic violence. Infertility, inability to provide for a male child, and difficulty in making a proper meal were additional factors in in-law domestic violence. The following study offered some recommendations to prevent domestic violence. Such as domestic violence should be brought to the notice of both genders through educational and awareness programs that explain what domestic violence is through attending professional workshops, reading publications, and taking advantage of free therapy sessions with complete confidentiality. Moreover, victims of domestic abuse should be provided with medical and financial aid, and those responsible for the violence should be made to go through counseling.

Keywords: Domestic Violence, Gender Disparities, Psychological Violence, Honor Killing, Economic Violence, Domestic Harassment.

The current state-of-the-art techniques and algorithms for extracting information like metadata from scientific publications like research papers have been methodically and thoroughly evaluated in this study. This paper's major focus is on the literature review of the various Information Extraction models, algorithms, and methodologies, and more especially on the structural information extraction from research papers. This work is divided into several sections, each of which discusses a solution to a prospective Information Extraction problem in order to cover the noteworthy Information Extraction approaches and methodologies. The categorization of the present OBIE and a quick description of information extraction and ontology-based information extraction come first. The most crucial ideas for understanding this work are covered in the paper. It demonstrates how an Information Extraction (IE) problem from research papers handles an unstructured text. The conventional IE systems and methodologies have been explained, together with their explanatory findings. Finally, tables are used to offer a thorough overview of the evaluation.

Keywords: Information Extraction, Ontologies, Data Mining, Machine Learning, HMM, CRF, SVM.

The unexpected outbreak of COVID19 affected the world deeply in terms of social as well as economical. It's been almost two years passed still the pandemic is uncontrollable. Most underdeveloped countries fail to respond this critical situation due to a lack of resources as well as improper health care system. This pandemic had also raised the questions about the preparation of the health care system for any other outbreak. There have been several suggestions to manage any type of pandemic properly and effetely in future by using the new advancement medical science and specially using of technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). This paper will review some state-of-the-art artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) tools for pandemic management. As we know that ML models have handled the multidimensional, large volume of real-time data related to pandemic management. These models are very well suited for prediction, classification, and recognition problems. ML models now plays a key role in pandemic management, such as pandemic prediction, people surveillance, risk management, medical diagnosis, and screening. This article presents an overview of pandemics, reviewing some ML models and their application in pandemic management. The last section discusses the challenges and future research.

Keywords: Pandemic Management, Machine Learning (ML) Applications, COVID19 Predication, Corona Virus, Health Care.

Employees may hide their knowledge to retain competitive advantages in organizations where job security is at stake. Based on the COR theory, this study pays to the growing literature on knowledge hiding and Islamic work ethics by examining the direct relationship between job insecurity and knowledge hiding and the moderating role of Islamic work ethics. Two-wave (15 days apart) and multi-context data were collected from 271 employees working in different organizations in multiple industries in Pakistan. PROCESS Hayes model 4 was used for moderation analysis The collected data supported the hypotheses and yielded the direct relationship between job insecurity and knowledge hiding. Similarly, the relative influence of IWE for dumping the influence of job insecurity on knowledge hiding was strong when higher on IWE. Because employees think that positive behavior is compulsory in the organizational context. Such behavior may encourage employees to provoke their energy into positive behavior.

Keywords: Job Insecurity, IWE and Knowledge Hiding.

This study was conducted to investigate the gender disparity in teachers’ formative assessment practices during classroom instruction at the secondary school level. It was a survey research design. Four hundred (400) teachers were chosen as a sample of this research via stratified random sampling techniques from the Haripur district. These teachers were divided into two (2) strata of male and female such that each group consisted of 200 teachers. To attain the objectives, two (2) null hypotheses were established. A questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.97 was utilized to gather data from the participants. The data gathered were examined through statistical tools. Majority of the teachers disagreed about using the learning target and monitoring strategy of formative assessment, and more than 40% of the teachers disagreed about using self-assessment and peer assessment. However, about 40% of the teachers were in favor of using feedback assessment in their classroom instruction. Further, male teachers were found better than female schoolteachers in using formative assessment strategies during classroom instruction. Inservice teachers’ training may be organized to bridge the gaps between the teachers for using formative assessment in classroom instruction and further research studies may be conducted on other aspects of formative assessment.

Keywords: Formative Assessment Strategies, Learning Targets, Monitoring, Feedback, Self-Assessment, Peer Assessment.

Over the years, the opinion of our courts underwent a shift with respect to importance of circumstantial evidence in a criminal trial. Where this evidence was once regarded as explanatory to oral testimony, is now being seen as a touchtone to check the truthfulness of oral testimony. One of the reasons for this change can be the application of stricter standards to ensure accuracy, reliability and authenticity of ircumstantial evidence. This article will discuss different factors which are taken into consideration by courts when believing or disbelieving a piece of circumstantial evidence. Secondly, it will analyze various types of circumstantial evidence routinely presented in our courts and their impact on a criminal trial. In third place, the article will examine the extent to which direct testimony has now been rendered subordinate to circumstantial evidence because of scientific accuracy of procedures such as computer forensics and DNA profiling. Fourthly, the article will shed light on cases involving crimes against women and children to build the argument that slow development of the rules governing direct oral testimony is propelling us to rely more on circumstantial evidence because of its contemporaneousness.

Keywords: Circumstantial Evidence, Direct Oral Testimony, Forensics, DNA, Relevancy of Facts, Res-Gestae.

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of working capital management, financial constraints and firm value. For this purpose data of 178 non-financial firms listed on PSX has been taken from 2015 to 2020. Descriptive statistics, Correlation, OLS, the Fixed Effect and Hausman test has been used to determine the outcomes. The outcomes of the study revealed that working capital and financial constraints affect the value of the company. The empirical results show that there is no impact of firm age and working capital management on the firm value. Firm value has a significantly positive correlation with Assets Tangibility, Leverage and Net-Working Capital where’s negative association with the Size of firm, Cash flow of the firm and Profitability. OLS results indicate that Cash Flow and Size of the firm has significantly negative impact whereas Leverage, Net-Working Capital and Profitability has significantly positive impact on the firm value. Fixed Effect model also ensure and confirmed the results of OLS and Hausman test indicated that the Fixed Effect model is better than Random Effect Model.

Keywords: Net-Working Capital, Firm Value, Financial Constraints.

The present study aims to examine the English language used as an instrument in the discrimination of students during teacher-student interaction in the classroom. It also highlights that the English language is used by teachers against the discrimination of students based on student’s gender during classroom interaction. Moreover, it highlights some strategies which have been taken into consideration to eliminate the element of indifference among the students. A self-developed questionnaire is used for the data collection. The sample of the study consists of 200 ESL students enrolled in the BS program at the universities at Sargodha, Pakistan. A mixed-method approach was adopted and the participants were both male and female students recruited through a random-probability sampling. The concept of marginalization introduced by Messiou (2012), was used as a theoretical framework for the analysis of data which is processed through SPSS-23. The results of the study show that the English language plays a significant role in the discrimination of students in teacher-student interaction in the classroom.

Keywords: Educational Institutions, English language Learning, Linguistic Imperialism, Students’ Discrimination, Teacher-Student Interaction.

This paper is aims to investigate the teachers‟ perceptions about continuous professional development programs, and impact of these programs on their knowledge, skills and classroom practices. The study, more specifically sought to determine the quality and effectiveness of continuous professional development programs by gauging teachers‟ views and beliefs. The study employed qualitative instruments such as structured questionnaire, semi–structured interviews to collect data from sample of 86 teachers. In qualitative terms, the data regarding the perceptions of teachers were structured around three dimensions Teachers, Trainers and Professional development programs. Findings revealed that teachers perceived professional development programs positive and significant to improve their knowledge and skills. Teachers perceived that trainers need to work more collaboratively with teachers such as listening to them, mentoring and coaching rather than instructing. Teachers also valued the sense of „teachers‟ collaboration‟ as a new powerful and effective instrument to improve their teaching practices. The study also revealed the elements of quality of continuous professional development programs and factors that could contribute in successful implementation of such programs.

Keywords: Continuous Professional Development, Teachers‟ Perceptions, Professional Knowledge.

An outbreak of global pandemic novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China has influenced every part of life. Due to global pandemic, it was hypothesized that it would have negative impact on secondary school students in their annual examinations of 2020 in chemistry, mathematics, and biology subject. There was observed constant increase in the COVID-19 cases and due to lack of technological resources in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan they have been facing a very difficult time where science education has been implemented initially. The data were collected for this study from three teachers at a public secondary schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. These teachers were specialized in their fields of chemistry, mathematics, and biology respectively. The researcher collected the views of these teachers through semistructured interview technique via cell phone about the possible effects of COVID-19 on students’ performance in their relevant subjects. It has been revealed in the findings of this study that there was likely a drop in the passing percentage of secondary level students in the annual examinations if the COVID-19 pandemic remains for longer time as the academic calendar of schools has been disturbed due to sudden closure of educational institutions throughout the country. 

Keywords: COVID-19, Science Subjects, Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry.