The current research scrutinized the relationship in dark triad and selfie addiction it further investigated the moderating role of self-presentation on facebook. The sample of study comprised of 300 students (18 to 30 years) drawn from various Public universities of Punjab, Pakistan. Selfities scale by Amjad and Adil (2017), Revised Self-Disclosure Scale (to measure presentation on facebook) by Young and Brown, (2016) and Short Dark Triad scale (Jones & Paulhus, 2013) were used to measure study variables. Result indicated significant relationship in all subscale of dark triad, selfie addiction and self-presentation. Moreover, it was found that Machiavellianism significantly positively predict intimacy while psychopathy significantly positively predict obsession whereas Narcissism was significant positive predictor of selfesteem, taking and posting selfies, intimacy and obsession. Results further showed that self-presentation moderated the relationship between Machiavellianism, Psychopathy and selfie addiction.

Keywords: Dark Triad, Selfie Addiction, Self-presentation on Facebook.

The present study intended to explore the extent to which the implementation of the Functional English course develops critical thinking (CT) skills of learners at university level. This case study research made use of purposive sampling strategy and four such higher education institutions in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were chosen where case under study was offered. An observation protocol was used to collect data in this observational study. One observation in each institution was randomly conducted while observing all the ethical considerations. The researcher, as non-participant observer, collected field notes and analyzed that data qualitatively. The findings revealed that Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO’s) were explicitly shared by all the teachers, which were directly reflecting potential for development of CT skills. Fifty percent teachers organized the opening of lesson by brain storming. All the four classes observed, reflected a strong evidence of teachers positive and productive interaction with students. Teaching strategies used by all the four teachers were student centered and indicative of development of CT skills among learners.

Keywords: Functional English Course, Critical Thinking Skills, Development, Teaching Strategies.

The paper is comprehensive and looks into the comparative analysis of Macintyre’s ethics to other philosophical theories. It offers a proper examination of virtue, narrative unity, tradition, individualism, justice, and relativism. The incorporation of other philosophers such as Aristotle, John Rawls, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill is inevitable as they assist in supplementing Macintyre’s ethics. There are also other philosophers included in the paper to ensure that the readers understand Macintyre’s ethics from various standpoints. The inclusion of Biblical Allusion, talking about Adam and Eve, shows that the concepts applied by Macintyre are applicable in different capacities. The paper shows that Macintyre does not limit himself to a particular number of schools of thought since he is capable of dealing with various philosophical concepts. Other philosophers such as Aristotle look into particular schools and maintain their focus on the same. Finally, a well-structured conclusion is included in the paper as it surmises all its major points.

Keywords: Macintyre, Philosophical Theories, Thinkers, Moral, School of Thought.

Socrates is supposed to be the great teacher of Ancient Greece. He is the teacher of the great philosopher Plato, and the grand teacher of Aristotle. In this regard he is supposed to be the grand grand teacher of Alexander the great. His method of teaching is called Dialectical Method – teaching with interaction and dialogue. This dialogue is unique in many respects. This is not a question answer sort of dialogue. In this dialogue the first statement of the participant is considered a thesis and Socrates is supposed to find the internal contradiction of it. The pragmatic value of the Dialectical Method has been discussed in this article and the limitations of the Socratic Method have been highlighted also. The interactive Method of Socrates can be used in many subjects of the students of different grades. The limitations and delimitations of the Method have also been discussed. In this article, it has been attempted to elaborate and analyze the teaching method of Socrates with all its pre-suppositions and Epistemological character.

Keywords: Socratic Method, Dialectical Method, Knowledge, Teaching, Virtue.

The information technology has brought revolution in everything and the cyber world makes it possible to have access any information by one click. It has changed the entire structure of the commerce. The world trade now mostly comprises on services industry. The concept of permanent establishment has changed. The revenue is now generating in virtual word without having physical presence. The principle of taxation linked revenue generation, but existing tax laws has no provision for digital revenue. The OECD realized this problem and gave a framework of digital taxation under the project of BEPS. The BEPS give proposition about the amendment of double taxation treaties after ratification of multilateral treaties. Many OECD countries changed their tax laws and levied taxes on web-based trading companies. The principle of significant digital presence provides bases of these taxes on digital services. Pakistan as sovereign state faces many difficulties in tax collection. The double tax treaties(DTT) are also big hurdle in collection of taxes from foreign digital companies. There are no proper legal provisions exist in Pakistan tax law about in order to levy taxes on web- based trading entities. Pakistan has become the signatory of the multilateral treaties in 2017 and in 2020 it has been ratified. This article will discuss the legal structure of the Web Based Entities(WBE) and high light the tax complexities in Pakistan. This article will also discuss about the proposed framework and tax structure of the Web Based trading entities. It will give way forward for tax legislation that how to bring these WBE in tax circle in Pakistan keeping in view the best practices of developed countries.

Keywords: Based Erosion Profit Shifting, Significant Digital Presence, Digital Tax Regime, Tax Complicities, Web-Based Trading, Digital Market Challenges, Technology-based Transactions and Business.

Crime and Punishment is included among the great books of the world. Apparently, it is a work of fiction with imaginary characters and situations but in reality, it is much more than a novel. The philosophy of existence (Existentialism) has much to do with this book. All the major themes of Existentialism can be found and understood through this work of fiction. Human freedom, choice, authority of the self and the consequences of an existential choice etc. - all the major themes of Existentialism are indirectly present in the plot, story and the characters of the novel. Interestingly the novel can be interpreted through theistic Existential approach and also through the atheistic one. The crime, the punishment, the sin and the forgiveness – all extraordinary themes and topics can be seen and comprehended through the course of the events presented in this book.

Keywords: Existentialism, Human freedom, Choice, Crime, Punishment, Sin, Forgiveness.

The first nine chapters of After Virtue present MacIntyrean critique of Modern Philosophy which resides on various philosophisations like emotivism as an explanation of modern moral theory, the importance of history to address the current issues, marginalization of philosophy and axial role of philosophy in society, critique of liberalism and individualism, new conception of rationality and rejection of Aristotelianism. He constructed his ethical thought while emphasizing a return to the Aristotelian conception of Virtue. MacIntyre’s theory does not follow Aristotle’s complete thought but adds some new conceptions in it, e.g., 'goods internal to practices', narrative unity of human life, tradition and the concept of self as a moral agent, these are presented in the last nine chapters of After Virtue. The ideologies given in first nine chapters are also given by many other thinkers like Hegel, Georges Sorel, Rousseau, Edmund Burke, Marx, Nietzsche, Charles Taylor, Ricoeur etc. Then what is the contribution of MacIntyre? To get this is the purpose of this paper. In this regard, this research focuses on the various concepts central to MacIntyre's critical approach and the contribution of other thinkers on the same concepts to bring to the surface the actual contribution of MacIntyre.

Keywords: Self, Virtue, History of Philosophy, The Language of Morals.

Main goal of the current research was to qualitatively assess psychosocial factors that contributed to Subjective Career Success among female entrepreneurs of Pakistan belonging to the small and medium business enterprises. Thematic Analysis technique was utilized to explore the contributory factors of Subjective Career Success. A sample of 10 women entrepreneurs (5 from urban and 5 from rural background) was decided on using non-probability purposive sampling technique. The women entrepreneurs between ages 25 to 45 having 5 years business experience (minimum) were engaged in the research. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the selected participants. Interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim to reproduce word to word verbal data. The results from thematic analysis yielded 9 main themes including: Religiosity, Resilience, Emotional Intelligence, Social Support, Parenting, Self-Worth, Positivity, Hard Work and Work-Life Balance. The themes mentioned were well considered for their saliency and frequency. “Social Support” was most frequently mentioned as leading contributory factor by the participants; Religiosity, Resilience and Emotional Intelligence were discussed as second, third and fourth most frequently occurring contributors. Women entrepreneurs coming from both rural and urban background supported the idea of psycho-social factors to be discussed as key contributors of Subjective Career Success.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Small and Medium Enterprises, Career Success, Emotional Intelligence, Self-Worth, Contributory Factors.

The study aimed at analyzing the impact of on the job behavior on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). On the job behavior was measured with the help of positive work behavior, physical withdrawal behavior, psychological withdrawal behavior and antagonistic work behavior. 250 questionnaires were distributed among the employees working in banking sector. 187 filled questionnaires were received with response rate of 62.3%. Data was collected through simple Random sampling technique. The result of the study showed that positive work behavior found to have significant impact on organizational citizenship behavior while physical withdrawal behavior, psychological withdrawal behavior and antagonistic work behavior has insignificant effect on organizational citizenship behavior.

Keywords: Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Positive Work Behavior, Physical Withdrawal Behavior, Psychological Withdrawal Behavior and Antagonistic Work Behavior.

A vocational training program guides the learners to move into the world of work. It helps to improve the good working habits, essential educational skills, aptitudes, work-related opportunities, locating and securing employment, vocational skills, the capability to make job decisions and planning. Loss of hearing implies weakness in hearing, regardless of whether fluctuating or permanent, that badly influences academic performance of a child. The present research was carried out to determine the role of vocational training programs at the secondary level for the hearing impairment students for his/her transition from school to workplace. The first objective to explore the status of a vocational training program at the secondary level for the students with hearing impairment second objective of this study to explore the role of the vocational training program at the secondary level on the students with hearing impairment for their transition from school to the workplace; and third objective to determine strategies necessary for effective vocational training program at the secondary level for hearing impaired students for his / her transition from school to workplace. The research was quantitative in nature. Survey method was applied for the data collection in the study. The population of this study consisted of the all the teachers of children with hearing impairment currently teaching in the special education institutions including their hearing impaired students of districts Dera Ghazi Khan, Layyah, Muzaffar Garh, Faisalabad, Toba Tek Singh, and Chiniot. Researchers selected a sample of 100 teachers (10 vocational teachers, 40 Senior Special Education Teachers, and 50 Junior Special Education Teachers) and 220 students with hearing impairment (147 male and 73 female) studying at the secondary level from the Govt. Special Education School for hearing impairment in districts as mentioned above through convenient sampling technique.

Keywords: Vocational Training Programs, Transition from School to Workplace.

Media freedom is an important aspect of media studies and globally media freedom and freedom of expression has become very important in providing relevant and pertinent information to the public. However, media freedom is always on stake owing to multiple issues and multiple factors. The current study is an attempt to find out perception of media persons with regard to media freedom in Pakistan. The study is based on quantitative research technique alongside descriptive research design. Survey method is employed for getting information from key stakeholders and on multiple areas. A sample size of 385 respondents selected through multistage sampling technique was used in the current study. The data was collected from news-reporters, sub-editors, producers and anchors to determine the media freedom. Precoded questionnaire was used for the current study. One way ANOVA and cross tabulation were used for data analysis. The findings of the study show with respect of media freedom the mean difference of ANOVA show that news-reporters perception was at highest level and anchors were at the lowest level regarding

media freedom.

Keywords: Media, Freedom of Media, ANOVA, Perception.

The present research study aims to analyze the factors affecting oral participation in learning English as a second language according to the perception of learners at university level. Quantitative mode of inquiry has been followed in the present study. A random sample of 50 students has been selected to analyze the nature of the mentioned problem. Data has been collected through opinnionnaires adapted by Verapornvanichkul et al (2011). After the analysis of the data it was concluded that there are many factors which affect the oral communication of learners at University level. Motivation and self-confidence are the factors which can have positive effect on oral participation while anxiety and communication apprehension according to learners’ perception, are the factors which can bring negative effect on oral participation. The research can be beneficial to the educational psychologists, linguists, and policy makers in the field of learning and teaching English as a second language.

Keywords: Participation, Oral, Learning, English, Language.

In the US presidential election campaigns, the presidential debatesplay a vital role in gaining the US citizens' acceptance and votes. The presidential candidates engage in a debate, related to the most controversial issues of the time and primarily try to persuade the undecided voters through their pragmatic propositions and political ideologies.  This project is an effort to analyze the last US presidential debate for the election 2020 which was the last attempt of both presidential candidates to display rhetorical supremacy. The researcher has employed Van Dijk’s (1980) Theory of Semantic Macrostructures to construct the theoretical framework. The selected debate is analytically examined by observing semantic macro and micro- structures. Here, the macro level analysis deals with the presented themes and the lexical structures are examined during the micro-level analysis. The results of the selected debate’s critical discourse analysis highlight the ideological dichotomy of ‘Us’ vs ‘Them’ by Trump (Republicans) and Joe Biden (Democrats) through the macro and microstructure propositions and linguistics analyses. Also, through the analyses, the researchers have exhibited the political ideologies of both the candidates. 

Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), USA Presidential Debate, Macro- Micro level analysis, Lexical structures, Donald Trump, Joe Biden.

The given qualitative study has explored the factors affecting the organizational citizenship behavior of healthcare employees by examining their lived experiences in pandemic and post pandemic phase so that there would be better understanding of factors for future crisis management and also necessary for consideration in post pandemic workplace structural perspective. There were forty-nine participants chosen via purposive sampling method and interviewed after the COVID-19 pandemic comprising of doctors and nurses employed within the emergency and intensively critical departments of public and private hospitals in Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi, the main cities of Pakistan. The research results included few themes including leniency at workplace, flexibility, stress and health challenges and organizational citizenship behavior among employees with increased employee engagement due to factors of voice and perceived support from organizations. All these factors can be used by managers and decision makers for effective crisis management for such unprecedented state of emergency like pandemic.

Keywords: Pandemic, FWA, OCB, Voice, Leniency, engagement, healthcare sector.

The study aimed at examining psychological capital and its effect on employee creativity and employee well being: mediating role of organizational commitment. Employees in any organization are considered a valuable asset for gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. The study was cross sectional in nature. 700 questionnaires were distributed the author received 356 filled questionnaires out of which 30 questionnaires were incomplete and have not been included in the analysis. The analysis is based on 316 properly filled questionnaires forming a response rate of 45.14%. Data was collected using 5 point likert scale. The results of the study showed that psychological capital was found to have significant effect on employee creativity, psychological capital was found to have significant effect on employee well being, organizational commitment mediated the relationship between psychological capital and employee creativity furthermore, organizational commitment mediated the relationship between psychological capital and employee well being.

Keywords: Psychological capital, organizational commitment, employee creativity. Employee wellbeing.

This study explores the lived experiences of two students with learning and developing a constructively aligned course at the postgraduate level. Two private university students were selected in a class about developing constructively aligned courses. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data, which was interpreted through profiling and the thematic analysis technique. This revealed that both participants had some prior knowledge of developing a constructively aligned course but did not use this approach in their professional careers. The participant who did not know about it came from different educational backgrounds, so they struggled with learning and developing the course at the initial stage and used different books and internet resources to overcome this problem while their instructor guided them side-by-side. However, both found this course very informative and helpful. Students need some prerequisite courses before studying constructively aligned courses at the postgraduate level.

Keywords: Constructive alignment, Outcome-based Education, Lived experiences, Qualitative analysis

YELP is a crowed-sourced reviewing platform which connects people to local businesses and let people to review the businesses and see the reviews of any business. In this paper, we are focused on the reviews of the restaurants. We aim to predict the business- stars rating for a restaurant from the business attributes, such as the ambience and intimate attributes. For this paper, we investigated 12th Round Yelp Business Data-set which is publicly available on the official YELP website. Through this data we will predict the stars (rating) of a review. The two feature selections, a) Correlation Coefficient and b) Wrapper Method, with the combination of two machine learning   algorithms, a) Random Forest Tree and Decision Tree Model are used.  After the analysis of the performance of each model, the Random Forest Tree algorithm is found to be the best model for predicting the stars/ratings of the reviews. Moreover, we tried to find the subset or combination of business attributes which impacts positively on business stars/ratings.

Keywords: Correlation Coefficient, Decision Tree, Feature Selection, Machine learning, Predicting, Random Forest, Wrapper Method, Yelp Data-set.

The study exploredthe understanding of prospective teachers regarding good citizenship. The study used a qualitative case study design and a self-constructed, semi-structured interview guide to interview two prospective teachers. Findings of the study revealed that prospective teachers had an indepthunderstanding of good citizenship andwas based on a person who is loyal to one’s country, honest in their dealings, distinguishes between right and wrong, and religiously follows the rules and regulations of their country to ensure the integrity, peace, and harmony to theirpersonal capacity.Since producing good citizens is a collective effort of parents, teachers, and society, prospective teachers,mentioned that all three contributors can either make or break a person’s dedication to becoming a good citizen. It is, therefore, crucial that the fundamentals of citizenship should be taught in schools. Similarly, students from broken families have an increased likelihoodof developing socio-emotional dilemmas that negatively impact themduring their development ofa sense of true citizenship. Moreover, if a society isuncivilized,producing good citizens becomes highly improbable. Therefore, despite having sound knowledge of citizenship along with its values and impact, dedicated efforts are necessary to produce good citizens irrespective of culture and religion. Furthermore, it has been concluded that prospective teachers have highlighted the significance of integrating citizenship instruction within theschool curriculum. It is highlighted that patriotism can be developed by educating and training students about the values, culture, and significance of their country. 

Keywords: Prospective teachers, Citizenship, Case study, Qualitative analysis, Good citizen.

The study aims to explore the nature and causes of crimes among the convicted youth population confined in one of the major correctional facility (Prison) of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. This qualitative research method was based on purposive sampling from youth prisoners confined in a correctional facility situated in district Hyderabad, Pakistan. The data collected from 15 convicted young prisoners were gathered through open-ended questions and later examined using a thematic analytical technique. This study explored and indicated the strong connection of youth offending behavior with the dysfunctional family structure of society, which results in a broken home, domestic abuse, absence of love and care, and absence of proper supervisor. Similarly, Poor financial conditions, illiteracy, lack of legitimate resources & means to fulfill primary needs, bad-peers influence, and disorganized neighborhoods also appeared to be dominant factors behind juvenile delinquency and youth offending in the local context of society. The demographic information also revealed that the most common crimes committed by convicted youth offenders were usually drug-related and violent in nature. Most felons were heavily involved in taking heroin, marijuana, ice, and other drugs. The violent crimes included murder, rape, and assaults were also very common in convicted youth, with evidence of involvement in larceny and robbery as well. Therefore, the study recommends providing and practicing social, financial, and academic programs for capacity building and finical independence of vulnerable children. Similarly, strengthening the criminal justice and juvenile justice system is need of an hour to prevent youth away from recidivism.

Keywords: Convicted Offenders, Correctional Facility, Felon, Juvenile Delinquency, Recidivism, Violent Crime, Youth Criminals.

Knowledge hiding behavior cannot be denied even in academic settings, servant leadership along with personality traits may mitigate such behavior. This study investigates the direct relationship between servant leadership and knowledge hiding, further, the personality traits have been tested for the moderating role between servant leadership and knowledge hiding behavior. The convenient random sampling technique was applied and data was collected from 369 faculty members of different Universities. This study used SPSS for analysis. The obtained data was validated and was confirmed by testing composite reliability, average variance extracted, means shared value, and reliability. The analysis found an indirect correlation between servant leadership and knowledge hiding. Moreover, the moderating roles of openness to experience and consciousness were also confirmed. The study adds a novel contribution to the literature. Practical implications and future avenues have been discussed.

Keywords: Consciousness, Knowledge Hiding, Openness to Experience, and Servant Leadership.

The current investigation was quantitative in nature, and its purpose was to research the fear of Terrorism among students as well as the psychological repercussions of that dread. The research for the study was carried out with the help of a questionnaire containing closed-ended questions, and it was delivered to the students of Sindh University in Jamshoro. The results of the current study showed that the fear of Terrorism is quite widespread among students and that this dread also impacts the students' psychological well-being. It also revealed that continuous media coverage of terrorist attacks is another cause of fear among students. The study also offered suggestions for the maintenance of psychological well-being. It indicated that formal education programs and extracurricular activities should be tailored specifically to the requirements of young people so that they can overcome the detrimental impacts of terrorism fear on their mental health.

Keywords: Terrorism, Fear, Perception, Victimization, Terror, Violence, Psychological Impact, Depression.

Relocation to a novel locality and its subsequent adjustment phase can be a source of stress for international students studying overseas. A quantitative study was conducted to examine the role of social support in alleviating the acculturative stress level of Pakistani University students. The sample consisted of 300 international Pakistani students (251 men, 49 women) with an age range of 22 to 45 years. All participants were studying in varying host nations globally. Data was collected online via the administration of a demographic questionnaire, the Acculturative stress scale for Pakistani Muslim international students (Bashir & Khalid, 2020), and the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (Zimet et al., 1988). The Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) showed that social support (from family and friends) had a significant negative effect on acculturative stress. This study contributes to the dearth of literature on acculturation literature regarding Pakistani international students, their adjustment patterns, and social support. The results are particularly meaningful keeping in view Pakistani collectivistic culture and background. Results hold great importance for the Higher Education Commission, foreign institutions that host Pakistani students, and educational policymakers to facilitate Pakistani international students in their academic, social, and psychological adjustment. Limitations, implications, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Keywords: Pakistani International Students, Acculturative Stress, Perceived Social Support, Support from Friends and Family.

This study explores the impact of travel agency employees' Abusive Supervision on their Turnover Intention and Deviant Work Behavior, and concurrently examines whether Psychological Capital moderates the above-mentioned relationships. There is a clear research gap on this subject in the tourism and hospitality literature regarding the moderating effects of Psychological Capital on the relationships between all variables. The survey was conducted in 40 travel agencies and 3 hotels in Lahore. Of the returned samples, 300 questionnaires were complete. Multiple regression analyses are used to test the four hypotheses of this study. The results indicate that travel agency employees' Psychological Capital can reduce their Turnover Intention and enhance their Deviant Work Behavior. Suggestions for managers of travel agency, theoretical input of the paper and proposals for future research regarding travel agency employees are discussed. The results show that apparent abusive supervision positive touches both deviant work behavior and turnover intention. This study has forwarded important implications based on results for the spreading businesses in particular and service-based jobs in general. The study also huts light on limitations and scope for future educations.

Keywords: Abusive Supervision, Deviant Work Behavior, Turnover Intention, Psychological Capital.

The utmost purpose of this study was to examine the effects of psychological barriers on entrepreneurial intention and moderating role of university entrepreneurial education. The study was explanatory. The data was collected on the said variables and then was examined to test the hypothesised relationships. A sample of 302 university students was contacted based on the convenience sampling method to respond to the survey's soft and hard copy. The data was analysed using the PROCESS procedure of linear model regression to examine the relationships of the variables. It was found that psychological barriers negatively influence entrepreneurial intentions, and university entrepreneurial education is not significantly moderating the relationships of said variables. Policy implications and future directions were also proposed.

Keywords: Psychological Barriers, Entrepreneurial Intentions, University Entrepreneurial Education.

Philosophy of Mathematics starts with a simple question - What Mathematics is all about? What Mathematical numbers are? Unlike Physics, Mathematics primarily is not about matter and energy, it is not about the study of plants and animals like Biology. It is not linguistic in the ordinary sense of the word. It is not about society primarily like Sociology, Political science, or Anthropology. Great philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Russell, Whitehead, Frege, and Popper have been trying to understand and make other people understand the essence of the Ontology of Mathematics. This article has attempted to understand the different and original ideas of great philosophers (Plato, Aristotle, Kant, and Popper) and try to interpret and share their views about the Ontology of mathematical numbers, theorems, equations, etc.

Keywords: Ontology, Epistemology, Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Popper, Mathematical Numbers.

Consumer behavior research is essential since it enables businesses to enhance their marketing plans. It aids in comprehending consumer perceptions of various brands and goods (Saeed, 2019). The current study aimed to know the buyer behavior in cantonment area markets of Lahore city, by considering buyer mood theory and buyer impulse theory. A survey method has been used to collect the data. For this purpose, a 4-point Likert scale has been generated. The questionnaire contained 12 statements; six statements under each theory i.e. buyer mood theory and buyer impulse theory. The collected data has been analyzed in SPSS by applying a cross-tabulation test on it. The results have been shown in percentages. The results have proved both the theories and exhibited that a positive mood and a pleasant environment put a positive impression on the consumers. Moreover, they like shopping when they are happy and welldecorated shops and markets have a good impact on the buyers.

Keywords: Consumer Behavior, Buyer Behavior, Mood Theory, Impulse Theory, Buying Behavior.

In 21th century the economy of the whole world has changed and it demands for citizenship and employment. The world is moving from a modern economy to information-based economy. In the 21st century, the concept of citizenship and employment has changed. The economy which is based on knowledge, is replacing the industrial economy of the past. The employers in 21st century needs individuals who are equipped with the skills required in twenty-first century. The current study analyze the challenges faced by primary school teachers regarding in the implementation of 21st Century Skills. The nature of this survey and descriptive. Students, teachers and curriculum developers at primary school level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was the universe of this study. All the participants were selected through random sampling technique for this study. Self-structured questionnaire was used as research tool for this study. Research tool was validate from the experts in the field of the 21th century skills. According to the suggestions and recommendation the tool was modified and changed accordingly. This study was quantitative. SPSS (Version 24) was used in data analysis. Moreover, percentages, frequencies and mean score was used for data analysis and interpretation because analysis become more rational and clear. While, the significance of the data were tested by applying chi-square test goodness of fit.

Keywords: Implementation, Skills, 21st Century Skills, Analyse, Challenges.

The recent advancements in the field of health sciences have produced substantial amount of data such as clinical information that is generated by patient records which is used in AI applications for better diagnosis and predictions. Diabetes belongs to a group of metabolic disorders that affects 422 million people worldwide. This is primarily due to lack of predictive and forecasting measures. Research on several aspects of diabetes has generated huge amounts of data which makes it suitable for application of AI based methods. Presently, several methods have been used for predicting diabetes on the basis of certain factors. However, results of this study show that Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Linear regression when combined with statistical methods, provide much better results compared to AI methods.

Keywords: Diabetes, Machine Learning, Support Vector Machine, PIMA Dataset, Prediction.

Cancer is a rouge disease causing billion of human lives every year. The disease occurs when the cells start dividing uncontrollably and spreading into different body tissues. Among carcinoma, breast tumor is the most common cancer in females and the vital reason for female death. Although the disease is curable and can be controlled, it requires an early diagnosis and prognosis for the patient survival. Artificial intelligence and machine learning have recently gained great success and have been successfully applied to solving real-life problems. Also, these technologies have been assisting the medical field in various areas, like disease classification and prediction, using multiple methods. For example, the models have been applied in radiology for breast cancer detection and prediction. In this paper, we will review the computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) models for breast cancer diagnosis using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). Also, compare these methods, including their details, along with the pros and cons of each model. This review also highlights the open challenges, research issues, and future work to improve the breast cancer diagnosis system. ML and DL are the subfields of artificial intelligence (AI.) and are widely used in the healthcare industry for excellent results and cost-effective solutions. The primary purpose of this study is to identify the different machine learning and deep learning classifier for breast tumor diagnosis. We also compare the results of the classifiers for performance measures. The research gap will guide the researchers to make improvements for better results.

Keywords: Breast Cancer Classification, Machine Learning Classification, Deep Learning, Convolution Neural network, Computer-aided Diagnosis, Breast Cancer.

The primary objective of this study is to categorize the critical risk factors influencing Pakistan's software development industries, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), including maintainability, team dynamics, software defects, time savings, and staff turnover. All these factors significantly contribute to the software quality of the software industries, which somehow elapsed by the software houses industries in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Cronbach's Alpha Reliability (α) is used to test the reliability of variables, accompanied by a regression analysis of the effect of these factors. After investigation, we find out the overall positive and significant association and impact of these factors on adequate software development quality. This research study provided new visions into the software product quality of the software industries, like that a few research has been led in Pakistan to identify these factors that significantly impact the software development quality of the software industries.

Keywords: Maintainability, Team Relationship, Software Defects, Time Reduction, Employee Turnover.

Ransomware is a destructive type of malware that encrypts the user’s valuable data or locks the screen of the user’s device, causing massive economic losses to users. Signature-based ransomware detection models struggle to detect zero-day ransomware and questioning their suitability for protecting user’s files against such attacks. In this study, we propose a model that extracts eighteen useful features vectors from the ransomware dataset. It performs classification on ransomware datasets. We utilize API call series to represent behavior-based features of ransomware. To validate the effectiveness of Random Forest, we tested 78556 ransomware and good ware files. Compared to Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machine, the testing accuracy of the proposed method is 99.57%. In the future, we will use deep learning to detect ransomware and its types at an early stage.

Keywords: Malware Analysis, Machine Learning, Virus Total, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine.