The term compliance means acceptance and obedience in employees. The aim of present study was to develop and validate the self-report inventory for assessing the employee’s reactions towards organizational change in term of compliance. It can be used to help organizations which consequently would positively affect the economy of Pakistan. The items for this scale were generated empirically. Factorial validity of the scale was determined on the sample of 200 white collar employees. Factor analysis of Compliance to Change Scale resulted in five factors i.e. Readiness, Personal Goals, Change Valence, Compatibility and Organizational Commitment; which yielded satisfactory KMO value of .82 at p<.000 and reliability of .90 Cronbach’s alpha. Convergent validity was estimated by correlating with Change Readiness Scale. The resulting correlation of α=.52 was significant, which added to the validity of Compliance to Change Scale. Discriminant validity was assessed by correlating the scores with Proactive Attitude Scale, which showed inverse relationship. Hence CCS is reliable and valid measure to assess employees’ compliance to change in indigenous context. 

Keywords: Compliance, Compliance to Change Scale, Organizational Change, Readiness, Change Valence, Compatibility, Organizational Commitment.

Big data is created and gathered at a rate that quickly beyond the boundary range in the digital world. Data with special attributes has become a very important source of valuable information and decisionmaking. The problem is that the traditional architectures, software's and tools are not capable to store, process, and manage this data. This study explores the challenges related to volume, velocity, veracity, variety, and value. we discuss these issues by categorizing them into five main groups; data, storage, process, visualization, and management. State-of-the-art tools and technologies for each group are discussed that overcome these challenges. A comparison of these tools is also given to present a clear picture. The direction of future research in this area is determined by the number of open issues and the dominance of big data in terms of opportunities.

Keywords: Big Data, Big Data Technologies, Cloud Computing Big Data Tools and Techniques, Analysis of Big Data.

Employee job satisfaction is the balance between what employees anticipate from the company and the benefits they get, both financial and non-financial. Organizational citizenship is the employee's additional contribution to the organization above and beyond the necessary job level. The study aimed to explore the relationship between Job Satisfaction (JS) and Organization Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in the public sector of Pakistan. The public sector is presumed as an imperative pillar for the growth and development of any country. This research also investigates the impact of the work environment on public employee job satisfaction, relating work context features to particular job qualities that serve as significant antecedents of job satisfaction. To achieve the objectives of the research, a model is designed to examine the relationship. Results indicated a strong correlation (r=0.503, p<0.001) between (JS) and (OCB). Organizations must focus on Self-actualization, Social Satisfaction Professionalism to enhance (OCB).

Keywords: Organization Citizenship Behavior, Self-Actualization, Social Satisfaction, Professionalism, Job Satisfaction, Public Sector.

The present research study particularly focused on estimating the intangible cost of food borne illnesses by assessing the household’s willingness to pay for irradiation. In order to measure the willingness of consumers for irradiation, the contingent valuation method (CVM) method was used. To assess the consumer’s attitude, the primary data was gathered through questionnaire in Peshawar from 207 households to examine their willingness to pay for irradiated poultry meat. In this Tobit regression model was used check the effect of significant factor on willingness to pay for irradiation of poultry meat. The households which suffered from food borne illnesses put significant premium amount for irradiated poultry meat and the age variable were also significant at 5% significance level. Also, the households with higher education and high-income households showed significantly maximum willingness to pay for irradiated poultry meat. As households perceived unsafe the poultry meat. Thus the findings of present research study will help the concerned authorities to know about the consumers attitude towards irradiated poultry meat and the consumers concerns about irradiation process and by it the concerned authorities will be able to take necessary steps in order to bring down the reluctance of consumers about safety of poultry meat by encouraging the acceptance of irradiated poultry meat in consumers.

Keywords: Irradiated Food, Food Borne Illness, WTP, Tobit Model, Public Health.

Leukaemia is an aggressive hematological malignancy generated from the haematopotic stem cell (HSC) and characterized by abnormal cell division and multiplying out of control. Worldwide, number of leukemia cases has been raised dramatically between 1990 to 2018. Although, lipids are crucial components of cell structure and play a key function in membrane synthesis and protein modification however, it rapidly multiplying cancer cells through increasing cellular proliferation, migration, and inhibition of apoptosis. The aim of this study was to assess the plasma lipid abnormalities by investigating the cholesterol and triglyceride level in newly diagnosed patients with acute and chronic leukaemia. The result from this study reported that 7.5% of newly diagnosed leukaemia male and female patients had high cholesterol level (above 5.2 mmol/L). The result of this small study also showed a significant (P ≤ 0.5) increase in triglyceride level in 36% of acute leukaemia patients. Therefore, the finding of this study suggested that abnormal high level of cholesterol and/ or triglyceride, which reported at the diagnosis time, has a role in increase the risk of leukaemia development. However, more research studies are required to confirm their association and effect of high plasma lipid on patients’ response to treatment and prognosis.

Keywords: Leukaemia, Lipid, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, Saudi Arabia.

HIV is a major problem worldwide affecting thousands of people each year. CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells counts are important factors for assessment immune system and monitoring and management immune status of HIV-infected people. The main methodologies available for absolute CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells analysis are the dual-platform and single-platform. Studies demonstrated grater performance by singleplatform method laboratories on percentage of T-cell subset percentage for accuracy and measurements for precision However, some dual-platform method laboratories outperformed all single-platform method laboratories on percentages of T-cell subset in other studies. Therefore, the goal of this study is to identify whether or not it is necessary to change from dual-platform to single-platform techniques by determine the variation of relative counts for CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells Data set consists of 85 HIV patients have been studies. Two methods have been compared to indicate CD4 T cells to CD8 T cells counts, dual-platform method using hematology analyzer to estimate absolute lymphocyte count and the percentage of CD4 T cells among lymphocytes obtained from flow cytometry and single-platform method enables absolute CD4 T cell counts to be measured by flow cytometry directly. This study showed statistically significant differences between the single-platform and dual-platform technology in favor of single-platform. The percentage of differences in CD4 and CD8 values between methods were 8% and 10% and somehow similar trend was noticed for each of CD4 single- and dual-platform as well as CD8 single- and dualplatform when it comes to parallel coordinates comparisons. Our study suggesting a major disadvantage of dual-platform method might be error in each independent measurement affecting each following step in the T- cell calculation values. While high precision in single-platform method is due to depending only on performance of one measurement. However, further investigations and studies are required to compare the accuracy and precision of both techniques.

Keywords: Patients, HIV, CD4 T Cells, CD8 T Cells, Dual-platform, Single-platform.

To find out determinants of economic growth in Pakistan and Bangladesh, ARDL technique of estimation was employed. Time series data was obtained from World Development Indicators (WDI; 2021) for the period 1990-2019 for both countries. The findings suggest that foreign direct investment has a negative and significant effect on Pakistan's GDP growth while in case of Bangladesh, no relationship was found out between economic growth and foreign direct investment. The relation between domestic investment and economic growth is positive and significant in case of both countries. Government expenditures have a positive but insignificant effect on the GDP growth of Pakistan while there is negative and insignificant impact of government expenditures on economic growth in Bangladesh. Inflation affects economic growth of both countries positively and significantly in case of Pakistan but insignificantly in case of Bangladesh. Relationship between foreign trade and GDP growth is negative and significant in case of both countries. The estimate of error correction term is -3.592 in case of Pakistan and -0.784 in case of Bangladesh, implying that there is short run relationship between economic growth and its determinants in case of both countries respectively. Diagnostic and stability tests were satisfactory. Both the countries should attract foreign investors to boost the investment activities, increase consumption on development activities instead of non-developmental expenditures and increase exports while reducing imports.

Keywords: GDP Growth, Foreign Direct Investment, Inflation, Government Expenditures, Trade.

Objective of this research was to find out determinants of poverty in Pakistan. Auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound testing was used to study the drivers of poverty in Pakistan. The annual data was used during the period 1990-2020 that was taken from the Economic Survey of Pakistan and World Bank’s World Development Indicators (2020). Relationship between GDP growth and poverty is negative. Inflation affected poverty negatively and insignificantly. Relationship between trade and poverty is positive but insignificant. Population and poverty are related negatively and significantly. Results further show that no serial correlation, no autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) and no heteroscedasticity were found out. Normal distribution of stochastic disturbances was observed when normality test was applied. Best fitness of estimation models was also observed. Overall results showed satisfactory residual properties of error correction model. Stability tests of short and long run estimations confirmed the stability of estimates having no structural breaks. Government should discourage the factors that are enhancing the poverty. Inflation should be controlled to one digit. GDP should be enhanced. Development expenditures should be increased. Exports should be encouraged and imports should be decreased. Population should be provided technical education particularly to youngsters. Exports should be encouraged and imports should be decreased. Population should be provided technical education particularly to youngsters.

Keywords: Poverty, GDP, Inflation, Trade, Population.

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an approach to teaching aimed at meeting the needs of every student in a classroom. This study was about the need assessment for adopting universal design for learning with respect to school improvement for inclusion of out of school children with disabilities in schools of district Kasur. The research design is quantitative by nature. The population of this descriptive study was comprised of special education teachers and head teachers posted in public primary schools. The sample of the study was consisted of 285 head teachers and 570 teachers, selected through gender based stratified random sampling technique. Two self-developed questionnaires on the basis of principles and guidelines of UDL were used to determine the perception of teachers and head teachers. The instruments were validated through expert opinion and pilot tested for reliability which was calculated 0.907 and 0.942 for head teachers and teachers’ instruments respectively. Data obtained were organized, tabulated and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential analyses. Based on analysis, it was found that according to the opinion of head teachers and teachers there were gaps in adopting principles of universal design for learning to include the students with disabilities in public schools. Average perception of the head teachers and teachers about adopting the principles is significantly poor than the given criteria.

Keywords: Inclusive Education, out of school children with disabilities, Universal Design for Learning.

Making financial decisions for the household is an important component of married life in the domestic sphere. It relates to making decisions about children's health, family relationships, and happiness. This study used a cross-sectional quantitative research design and the survey as a method for data collection. The focus of the current study was to learn about spouses' autonomy in making domestic economic decisions. There were three groups in the study: employed husband and non-employed wife, both husband, and wife working, and employed wife and husband with no stable income. The sample comprises 200 participants that were chosen using convenient as well as snowball sampling procedures. The respondents were chosen from various parts of Lahore. A self-constructed and self-generated questionnaire was used by taking help from the women autonomy measurement scale and J-PAL guidelines for measuring women and girls’ empowerment. Independent t-tests and One-way ANOVA were used to find out the results. The outcomes specified that due to current transitions, and trends both married partners experienced a change in their autonomy and, in most of the cases, there is an improved autonomy of wives in the financial domestic decision.

Keywords: Spousal Autonomy, Financial Autonomy, Household Decision Making, Women Financial Autonomy.

Corona Virus Disease, 2019 (COVID-19) caused multiple problems ranging from economic insecurity and social isolation to psychological distress and fear of unknown. The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship of psychological distress and coping during the first and second wave of COVID-19. Further, it investigated how different age groups experienced psychological distress and coped during both waves of COVID-19. A correlational, cross-sectional research design was used for the study. Convenient and snowball sampling strategy was used to collect data during the first and second wave of COVID-19. Data consisted of 500 adults (i.e., 139 men and 361 women) in the 1st, and 500 adults (i.e., 168 men and 332 women) in the 2nd wave of COVID-19. Age range of the sample was 18 to 55 years. Two scales i.e., Distress Questionnaire and Coping Scale were used to collect data through online survey. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results indicate that psychological distress and coping were negatively related during the both waves of COVID-19. The relationship was significant during the first wave. However, it was found not to be significant during the second wave. Younger age group experienced significantly more psychological distress but used less coping. Increased coping reduced psychological distress in the first wave of COVID-19 when there was little information available on pandemic. However, coping did not help much decreasing psychological distress when living in the same stressful situation for a prolonged period and having more knowledge on pandemic (2nd wave of COVID-19). Younger age group were more vulnerable to experience psychological distress; however, they used less coping. There should be policy initiatives to provide psychological aid to adults, especially the younger population to help them learn healthy coping strategies to deal with stress.

Keywords: COVID-19, Psychological Distress, Coping, Epidemic, First Wave of COVID-19, Second Wave of COVID-19.

The main aim of education is to shape the personality of the students, their latent and innate ability. It is now concerned with the development and growth of the entire child: his mental, moral and physical aspects. The curriculum of the educational institutions has never been completely that colleges and schools design for the students. It has been noted that numerous other activities are planned for the students in the routine classrooms and even after college and school timings. Co-curricular activities are also part of the education which is taught to the students outside the class. Through co-curricular activities, school children will be taught in terms of self-confidence, teamwork, leadership and spiritual abilities. Student’s participation in co-curricular activities will develop important skills provided in these events in addition to develop a healthy and strong lifestyle. Co-curricular activities may improve interaction among the pupils and it will also promote integration among the races and it will also nurture law obedience, discipline, hard work, independencies, and decencies which helps to make a school child useful and civilized person. The three objectives of this study the first objective of this study to examine the level of Social Skills related to co-curricular activities among the Children with Intellectual Disabilities. And second objective to identify the role of co-curricular activities in developing Intellectual Skills amongst the Children with Intellectual disabilities. The third objective of this study to explore the role of co-curricular activities in developing Self-Directed Academic Behaviour amongst the Children with Intellectual Disabilities. Researcher selected a sample from different special education schools of children with intellectual disabilities for the study. A sample of 200 teachers was selected for the data collection.

Keywords: Co-curricular Activities, Developing Social Skills, Intellectual Disabilities.

The purpose of present study was to determine the moral character of juvenile offenders imprisoned in Okara District Jail. The study was conducted in District Jail Okara. It was a quantitative investigation. Pre-experimental research was conducted using a one-group pretest-posttest design. Using purposive sampling, five juvenile offenders were chosen for the study. Their ages and types of delinquency was distinct from each other. Based on Kohlberg's theory of moral development, data were collected using an adapted version of the Moral Development Interview Inventory (MDII). As a baseline, a morality test was administered to juvenile delinquents. For the next 23 days, the juvenile delinquents received treatment. For the second time, after 23 days of treatment, their morality level was assessed. Pretest and posttest scores of all juvenile delinquents held in Okara District Jail were significantly different. The data was analyzed using mean, standard deviation and a paired sample t-test. Based on results, it was recommended that Kohlberg’s theory of moral development should be used to measure morality of juvenile delinquents.

Keywords: Morality, Juvenile, Delinquents, Development.

Research is essential aspect of today medical practice. Medical education regulatory bodies and international competence-based frameworks consider research an important competence of physician. All undergraduate medical programs introduce research component in curriculum. Yet students’ active involvement in research is variable across programs. Furthermore, pursuing a positive attitude towards scientific research is considered a vital element of modern undergraduate medical education. This study aims to investigate medical students’ self-perceptions of research competency, and their experience and attitude towards research. It also explores research barriers among medical students at Faculty of Medicine, Umm AlQura University (UQU), Makkah Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional, self-administered, electronic survey was designed. The survey was completed by 387 (35%) of medical students at, UQU, Makkah. The result indicted that the majority of respondents 65% (249/387) had contributions in research activities either as requirement aspect of the program or personal interest. There was a significant difference in respondents’ participations in research regarding their gender and year of study. Respondents also indicated moderate competence in research (Mean = 3 , SD= 0.75). Nevertheless, positive attitude towards research was reported. Respondents highlighted the importance of conducting and understanding research in contemporary medical practice. The most common barriers form students’ perspectives were the lack of protected time for research in medical program, followed by the shortage of students' knowledge or skills. As a major conclusion, participants’ reported moderate level of competence in conducting different aspects of research, which was variable across their level of the program. Senior students were significant much self-competent in pursuing research. Also, the reported increased experiences in conducting research among respondents and their positive attitude towards research is clear indication of the success of the curriculum design to develop the core skills and positive attitude towards research among students.

Keywords: Medical Students, Research, Competencies, Obstacle.

This research attempts to examine the impact of green supply chain management practices on a firm’s overall sustainable performance. In a resource-deprived, developing Asian country, i.e. Pakistan, the concept of green production and corporate sustainability is an under-researched and novel concept, which calls for further investigation. In this regard, the current paper, while thoroughly reviewing the pertinent literature, has put forward a comprehensive conceptual framework, demonstrating linkages between GSCM practices (internal, external) and every pillar of firm’s sustainable performance, based on triple bottom line concept. Moreover, the framework provided is backed up by strong theoretical foundations and logical reasoning from the prevalent literature. All the linkages between the research constructs are drawn upon two contemporary and widely adopted theories i.e. firm’s natural resource-based view and relational view concept. For empirical validation of the framework, it went through rigorous statistical analysis techniques, such as, SEM, CFA, EFA etc. through advanced software packages available i.e. AMOS V.23, SPSS V.26. A self-administered questionnaire adopted from authentic sources was used for collecting data through cross-sectional survey mechanism, conducted within the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. A total of 264 manufacturing SMEs, operating in four major cities of Pakistan, i.e. Peshawar, Lahore, Islamabad and Rawalpindi were selected as this study’s target population, with 405 respondents participating in the study, thus constituting its sample size. Results indicated that GSCM practices, both internal and external have strong positive influence on a firm’s environmental, social and economic performance, as all our proposed hypotheses were statistically significant, and thus accepted. Therefore, our research framework holds excellently well together. In the context of manufacturing sector of an economically, environmentally and socially devastated country, this research is of considerable significance, offering multiple benefits towards the field of academia, regulatory authorities and practitioners. Besides adding enormously to the extant literature of corporate sustainability utilizing the entire TBL, and accomplishing depths of analytical and academic rigor, this study will facilitate manufacturers to undertake efficient, green, socially friendly and economically viable initiatives within and across supply chains, which is paramount for the well-being of the country.

Keywords: Green Supply Chain Practices, Corporate Sustainability, SEM, SMEs, TBL.

The paper aims to assess whether gender-diverse audit committees (ACs) affect audit quality in gender unequal country, namely Pakistan, given that prior research is mainly concentrated on developed countries with higher gender equality and evidences that female directors on ACs are effective in terms of audit quality. Therefore, our research may identify whether the positive association between female directors on ACs and audit quality in the developed countries stems from their greater gender equality. Our study’s sample includes non-financial listed Pakistani firms from 2009 to 2015. We determine audit quality through the likelihood of choosing industry specialist auditor (ISA) and audit fees. After incorporating missing information, our firm-year observations constitute 738 (780) for the ISA (audit fee) model. Further, we employ logistic regression for ISA model due to the dichotomous nature of the variable and utilize ordinary least squares regression for audit fee model. We find that gender-diverse ACs reduce the likelihood of hiring ISA and decrease audit fees. Our findings are robust to propensity-score matched regression and fixed effects model. Our result highlights that when there is high gender inequality, it may be beneficial for policy-makers to empower women and thereby help them raise their voice.

Keywords: Audit Committees, Gender Diversity, Audit Quality, Gender Inequality, Pakistan.